Notes for exam question Essay Example for Free

Notes for exam question EssayChapter 1 favorable scientist have argued that issues of inequality, mendicancy and amicable exclusion cut across just about(prenominal) brotherly well-being and villainy restraint domains, and illustrious that while round responses to these issues may become the localise of social social upbeat policies, early(a)s may become the focus of iniquity control interventions.Social justice then is neither the exclusive terrain of social public assistance nor of villainy control. The boundaries among these two domains tend to be mobile and porous.This idea was introduced by arguing that the neat banknote between the goals of social welfare (well being) and the goals of crime control (maintaining social order) break down on side by side(predicate) inspection. Chapter 1 section 4 crime control measures impact adversely on social welfare and produce justice struggles. State backdown from the direct provision of welfare services is accom panied by greater attention to asocial behaviour of younger and poorer groups in society.Social welfare is oriented towards the human beings and charge of social well-being through the provision of various social supports combating social inequalities by promoting redistri only ifion and social inclusion and countering various social deteriorations such as poverty and discrimination.The domain of crime control is much oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social stability, social order and security by addressing behaviours and activities of those who are sensed to threaten these in some way.Crime control and social welfare policies, at that place are many examples of entanglement between them. For example, countering antisocial behaviour may be defined as a social welfare matter in that it protects the welfare and well being of some against the disruptions caused by others. This example similarly raises wider social welfare questions, I.e how can societies support young populate and others so that they do not subscribe themselves in ways that are viewed as antisocial?The relationship between social welfare and crime control is dynamic meaning it is likely to change over time, and it is contested.Another example of how social welfare and crime control is entangled protecting children from abuse- a role taken on by both police and social workers, acting in partnership but with rather blurred boundaries between the welfare and crime control functions. The entanglements between welfare and crime control take many different forms.eudaemonia states in its traditional form is considered by many commentators across the political spectrum to be in adopt of reform.Social scientists focus on creating social inclusion rather than on providing welfareIdeas about an lower class of marginalised individuals often black Afro caribbean or Hispanic have informed policies on crime preventions and crime control in countries such as the USA. Many studies are handing over more responsibility for tackling crime and antisocial behaviour to local communities, who in turn address crime prevention through a potpourri of welfare and control strategies.As environmental issues become more important in ensuring security and well-being, so attention is turning to new kinds of harm harms perpetrated not by those traditionally defined as puzzle populations, often on the margins of society but by the rich and powerful who perpetuate environmental and other kinds of crime.Many struggles for social justice, produced laws that have to be enforced through the institutions of criminal justice. On the other hand, some criminal justice measures including many of those now associated with anti terrorist measures are viewed as producing harms such as poundage or the loss of rights for certain population groups.Chapter 1 section 36 dissent and protest against social injustice may be the subject or criminalising responses.The darling study for the Joseph r ow tree can shows an increasing inequality of wealth in the uk in the late 20th century when income inequalities grew rapidly. It also shows a greater degree of spatial segregation of wealth and poverty, with local areas increasingly dominated by ladened or poor residents and a decline in social mixing.Poverty concentrates attention on unitary segment of society those living below a certain level of income, or below a certain level of resources.Many studies of poverty tend to focus attention on poor people rather than the wider social structures which generate and reproduce poverty. In the process, then, such studies divert attention from the relationship between wealth and poverty, and the ways in which richer and more powerful groups manage to increase their wealth and hold on to it at the expense of poorer and less powerful groups.Much social investigation into poverty has in enforce involved looking at the poorest people to see what was wrong with them, and is based on the a ssumption that there must be something about them that makes them different from us.In the 19th century, investigators went like intrepid explorers into the neighbourhoods where the poor lived in order to examine their habits, their ways of life, their culture and most frequently their character. The poor were associated with a range of social dangers from illness, through crime and vice, to the threat of socialism.This emphasis on statistical investigation has had a profound set on the subsequent development of social research in the uk and how we come to know about and image the social world. But the investigation and observation of the character and habits of the poor has also had enduring consequences, reflecting a continual belief that the cause of poverty could be discovered there. 19th century investigations into moral failings of the poor co-ordinated into20th century concerns with their dysfunctional family life or their culture of poverty.The idea of a culture of pove rty had mutated into a culture of dependency. All of these terms expressed the idea that poor people had habits, attitudes and ways of life that has passed poverty on across generations.Chapter 2 section 2 welfare states are involved in the maintenance of social order and stability by naturalising and normalising social inequalitiesChapter 2 sections 2,34 welfare states prescribe certain ideas of behaviour. These may stigmatise certain categories of people in booths study, the poor and in the 21st century, those who are not gainfully employed or who do not comply with norms of active citizenship.Welfare states also police inclination to norms of good conduct and may punish those who deviate from them. Punishments may range from measures such as the withdrawal of benefits and services to actual criminalisation.Chapter 3 section 3 care whether provided informally or through welfare states can involve the abuse, neglect and exploitation of vulnerable people. Some abuses are subject to criminal prosecution.Chapter 3 section 4 treaties, conventions, laws and workers rights are often ineffective in regulating safety and ensuring freedom from harm in the workplace. Trade unions have attempted to limit workplace harms by pursuing rights and legal safeguards, but there power has been weakened. In attempt to avoid legislative action, some companies are now create voluntary codes of conduct based on the idea of social responsibility.Chapter 4 section 2 caper populations, in problem places such as the black population of new Orleans tend to be stigmatised, viewed as a source of harm, crime and social disorderChapter 4 section 3 some of the case studies show how welfare policies that sought to solve housing problems in the past have had minus consequences, leading to punitive and criminalising policies in the present.Chapter 5 section 2 global slums are sites of concerns about crime and disorder. They are also sites of emerging understanding about how slums can be a source of go on and development through self helpChapter 5 section 4 transnational institutions concerns with regulating environmental crimes are contrasted with restorative self regulatory and participatory models of development.