Increase Of Concentration Of Ethyl Acetate

Increase Of compactness Of ethyl radical group ethanoate first the gallery of the audition is to determine the concede, conversion and response esteem by employing the principles of material balance with chemical answer for batch responses. The purpose of the experiment is to mention turn up the reckons actuateing the point of chemical chemical chemical reply to increases the conversion grade the concede of product produced. The hypothesis of the experiment is that the increase of assimilation of ethyl group acetate rayon would to a fault increase the localise of reaction. From two different soaking ups of ethyl radical acetate (0.01M and 0.02M) have shown that the 0.02M of ethyl radical acetate rayon shows a increase in the send of reaction and conversion estimate of atomic turn of events 11 hydroxide to sodium Acetate.Secondly the theory part shows the definitions of terms handle saponification, batchwise reactions and factors that affect the numbe r of reaction. The most important definition is the saponification which is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to cast of characters an alcoholic drink and the salt of a carboxylic acid.Thirdly, the procedure section shows how to carry forbidden the 3 major steps which be preparation of the reactant, the observational apparatus and the procedures to carry out the experiment.This is followed by the results and calculations which is about the calculation of the conversion division and fail of the reactions of different concentrations of ethyl group Acetate carried out in the experiment.after the results and calculations, is the discussion part which discusses the results obtained, tells some precautions to be taken while carrying out the experiment and the factors that affect the results.Lastly the conclusion concludes the report by stating if the armorial bearing of the experiment had been reached and it also states that the hypothesis that the high(prenomi nal) the concentration of the reactant, the faster the measure of reaction and conversion, has been proven.REPORT ON MATERIAL BALANCE WITH CHEMICAL reception1. Introduction1.1 Background LiteratureConversion of atomic publication 11 hydroxide into sodium ethanoate is called saponification. It is the process of making soap. It is the reaction between an ester with a metallike base and water. It is also related to the process use to convert innate(p) fats into soap. (Donohue 2009)An alkali is a soluble salt of an alkali metal like sodium. It is used in soap-making whereby it was obtained from the ashes of plants. Now, the term alkali describes a base which neutralizes an acid. (Donohue 2009)Alkalis used in soap making are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), also called caustic potash. (Donohue 2009) vitrine An example of the reaction is(Therese Lotts Saponification Calculator Standalone spreadsheet for calculating saponification rat es in camp-made soapmaking. )(http//www.freepatentsonline.com/6751527.html)1.2 AimThe aim of this experiment is to determine the sacrifice, conversion and reaction rate by employing the principles of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reactions. This lead also enable us to find out factors to improve the confess and the rate of conversion and reaction.1.3 HypothesisThe hypothesis of the experiment is that if the concentration is high, the yield in concert with the rate of conversion and reaction would also increase. Thus, from a 0.02M concentration of Ethyl Acetate and 0.01M concentration of Ethyl Acetate, the 0.02M concentration would have a higher yield, rate of conversion and reaction. This is because at the start of the experiment the conduction value was high but as the reaction precedes the conduction value decreases showing the concentration and number of moles.2. Theory2.1 SaponificationSaponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to work out an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid. Saponification is comm just used to observe to the reaction of a metallic alkali with a fat or oil to form soap. Saponifiable substances are those that arse be converted into soap. In the experiment the desired product is sodium acetate. (Donohue 2009)2.2 Batchwise ReactionA batchwise reaction is a reaction where by reactants are put in and the reaction is started. After the reaction has ended, the products are taken out and the equipment and all are washed to be prepared for the next experiment. Unlike steady state reaction it does not have a continuous input and output. (Singapore engineering school 2009)2.3 Percentage ConversionXa = moles of A reactedMoles of A fed into the nuclear reactor x100%It is specify as a fraction of reactants or feed that successfully reacted to form the desired product. The above formula calculates the tally of reacts converted into products. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.4 apply of A Prod uctYP = Moles of desired product formMoles of reactant fed into the reactorYield has 3 definitions. Firstly it is inwardness of desired product formed based on the derive of limiting reactants feed into the reaction. Secondly it is the amount of desired product obtained divided by the amount of reactant consumed. Lastly, it is also delimit as the amount of product obtained divided by the theoretically amount of limiting reactant consumed. The above reaction calculates the amount yield based on just the limiting reactant. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.5 Rate of ReactionThe rate of reaction is the amount of time taken for the chemicals to react totally. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.6 Surface rural rural area To Volume RatioThe surface area to the volume ration affects the rate of reaction. The smaller the particle, the larger its heart-to-heart surface area. With a larger exposed surface area to a greater extent particles can collide with one some other cavictimization to a gr eater extent reactions to take place inwardly a shorter amount of time. (Purchon 2006)2.7 Presence of a CatalystIf a catalyst is involved in a reaction, the amount of vital force needed to start the reaction (activation energy) decreases. Thus, the molecules in the reactions will gain more energy that is equal to or more than the activation energy. The higher amount of energy a molecules has, the more restless it will become and more collisions will occur increasing the rate of reaction. However a catalyst is not involved in this experiment. (Purchon 2006)2.8 imperativenessPressure is another factor that affects the rate of reaction. Pressure mainly affects gases. Gases can be compressed. Thus, as pressure increases, gaseous molecules are closely jammed together which allows them to collide more frequently with one another. This is almost the like as changing the concentration as the number of molecules is increased within a specific area. However the reaction is a liquid-liqui d reaction so pressure does not affect the reaction in this experiment. (Purchon 2006)2.9 ConcentrationConcentration affects the rate of reaction. The higher the concentration, the number of particles within a specific area increases. Thus, molecules are closely packed together and this increases the number of collisions between molecules so the rate of reaction increases. Concentration is similar to pressure where by the number of molecules in a specific area increases. (Purchon 2006)2.10 TemperatureTemperature also affects the rate of reaction. If the temperature is higher, the energy levels of the molecules increases and they would tend to more faster. Thus, this results in more effective collisions in a shorter amount of time. (Purchon 2006)2.11 ConductivityUnlike atomic number 11 hydroxide, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Sodium acetate have negligible conductivity. Thus the conductivity value of the reaction is deliberate by the conductivity of Sodium hydrated oxide. The conduct ivity is used to find the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide as the reaction proceeds. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)Fig.1) graphical record of conductivity values of Sodium Hydroxide against the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide.)3. purpose3.1 Preparation of chemicalsThe MSDS of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate was read and the discourse and disposal of the chemicals must be familiarized before the start of the experiment. fluid gloves and chemical goggles were put on when preparing and handling the chemicals. euchre ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide resolving and 500 ml of ethyl acetate solution to the required concentration as discussed in Questions 1 and 2 of Pre-experiment Assessment was prepared. (CP4047 science laboratory Manual)3.1.1 Preparing 500 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide solutionThe required volume of 0.1 M NaOH stock solution was measured victimisation a measuring cylinder and pour into the 500 ml volumetric flask. The solution in the volumetric flask was topped up w ith de-ionized water to the 500 ml-mark. A Stopper was placed on the flask, and it was jolted and inverted to mix the solution. (CP4047 Lab Manual)3.1.2 To prepare 500 ml of ethyl acetate solutionAbout 250 ml de-ionized water was poured into a 500 ml volumetric flask first. The required volume was measured using the micropipettor. The stock solution was dispensed into the 500 ml volumetric flask.The solution in the volumetric flask was topped up to the 500 ml-mark. A stopper was placed on the flask, and was shaken and inverted to mix the solution. (CP4047 Lab Manual)3.2 Experimental setup(CP4047 Lab Manual)3.3 Carrying out the ExperimentThe prepared sodium hydroxide solution was poured into the reactor. The reaction conditions were adjusted to the predetermined levels (based on experimental methodology discussed with Lecturer). The reaction conditions were recorded, Eg. temperature, stirring speed, concentrations and volumes of reactants. Conductivity meter probe was positioned into the reacting mixture. The ethyl acetate solution was poured in and the timer was started immediately. The conductivity values (mS/cm) at a regular interval of 1 minute for 30 legal proceeding of reaction time was recorded. After 30 minutes of reaction, the stirring thingamabob was stopped and the magnetic stir bar was removed from the mixture using the magnetic rod. The conductivity probe was also removed and rinsed thoroughly with de-ionised water. The reaction product mixture was poured into the plastic waste container. The glassware was rinsed and the experiment was perennial based on experimental methodology discussed with the Lecturer. At the end of the experiment, the conductivity probe was removed from the reacting mixture and rinsed thoroughly with de-ionised water. All chemicals were disposed in the plastic waste container and were brought to the waste together with any unused reactants to W314 for decorous treatment and disposal. All the used glass-wares was rinsed an d tidied up the work space. (CP4047 Lab Manual)4. Results and Calculations4.1 find the Yield of Sodium Acetate at 15 MinutesThe yield of Sodium Acetate at 15minutes is determined with the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide as with the concentration, the number of mole of sodium hydroxide can be found out. Also, with the molar ratio of Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl Acetate, the number of moles of Ethyl Acetate can be determined. With the use of the yield formula, the yield of Ethyl Acetate can be calculated.4.2 Yield When 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate Used5. Discussion5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of ReactionFirstly the concentrations of Ethyl Acetate used were 0.01M and 0.02M which means that for 0.01M of Ethyl Acetate was obtained by diluting 0.49cm3 of slender Ethyl Acetate and 0.02M was obtained by diluting 0.92cm3 of pure Ethyl Acetate. By analyse the graphs (Fig 3 and 4) above, the reaction (0.02M) was the fastest. This was out-of-pocket to the concentration factor. The higher the concen tration, the faster the rate of reaction as the increase in concentration means that thither are more molecules in a specific area.Other factor like temperature and pressure were keep at a constant (standard way conditions). There was no catalyst involved the experiment. Thus, these other factors did not affect the rate of reaction.5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and YieldThe conversion of Sodium Hydroxide and the yield of Sodium Acetate will never be a 100% due to the technical equipment and unforced human errors. It is also due to constrains in the lab like equipment or the duration of the experiment. The longer the reaction, more conversion and yield could have been produced.5.3 Factors Affecting the Conductivity ValuesThe concentration of Sodium Hydroxide affects the conductivity value of the reaction. If the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide is high, the conductivity value will also be high. Thus, as the reaction proceeds, the conductivity debarks as the concentration of the Sodium Hydroxide decreases as it is being reacted away. For the 0.01M reaction, Fig 4.2.2 show that the concentration decreases significantly. However, for the 0.02M reaction, Fig 4.3.2 shows some fluctuations in the drop of the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide. This could be because of the equipment. The equipment, the conductivity probe and the machine has been cognize to turn off randomly during the reaction. Thus there was some irregularities in the drop of concentration for the 0.02M reaction.5.4 Precautions to Be TakenDuring the experiment the Ethyl Acetate should always be handled in the fume hood as it would crush in the open, thus affecting the concentration of the Ethyl Acetate and to embarrass it from spilling anywhere else in the laboratory. Gloves should also be worn to prevent bacteria from contaminating the reaction or chemicals and to also protect our hands from the chemicals. gawk should also be worn to protect our eyes from chemicals splashing into our eyes.5 .5 equality of conversion and yields of different concentration of Ethyl AcetateThe yield of the reaction of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate is 0.62 while the yield of the reaction of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate is 0.76. The second reaction of 0.02M has a higher yield due to the higher concentration of Ethyl Acetate. This is because the concentration of the reactants is more due to the increase in concentration of Sodium Hydroxide thus, producing more products whereby the yield of Sodium Acetate increases. However both the experiments did not produce a 100% yield because of human error and constrains of technical equipment. Even if a catalyst was added, the yield will be the same as the catalyst will only increase the rate of reaction and affect the yield.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the higher the concentration of Ethyl Acetate used, the faster the rate of reaction together with a higher conversion percentage of Sodium Hydroxide. The concentration of Sodium Hydroxide affects the conductivity values of the reaction because the results show that the conductivity decreases as the reaction proceeds because the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide also decreases as the Sodium Hydroxide was being reacted away. Therefore, the hypothesis is proven to be true.The aim of the experiment was met as results state that with a higher concentration of Ethyl Acetate, the rate of reaction together with the rate of conversion increases. The concentration of the Ethyl Acetate reacting with Sodium Hydroxide in a reactor as time passes by was studied. However the experiment could be improved by adding in a catalyst or increasing the temperature to increase the rate of reaction and conversion rate.