The Current Positioning Of PepsiCo

The Current Positioning Of PepsiCoPepsi International is a founding far-famed brand. It is a really salutary organized mul send awayational comp any(prenominal), which operates al nigh all over the world. They produce, one of best carbonated ranges in the world. Pepsi is a symbol of hygiene, quality and service, all over the world.Pepsi is producing Cola for more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 100 years and it has dominated the world mart for a ache time. Its head office is in New York.PepsiCo is the second largest nourishment and boozing connection in the world. It manufactures markets and sells a variety of salty, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated b perpetuallyages PepsiCo seeks to fulfill suppuration and long-term value in its operational activities by creating rivalrous advantages through natural production innovation.MISSION STATEMENTTo be the worlds necropsy consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce hefty financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in e actuallything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity.VISION STATEMENTTo be the worlds best beverage gild. Being the best signifys providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness and value, so that their every guest is contented and happy with their products.To augment the value of their sh arholders investment through gross gross sales growth, cost control and wise investment of resources.FACTS ABOUT THE COMPANYPepsi is a USA based public familiarity whose stocks atomic number 18 available in New York.Mountain Dew, acquired by Pepsi-Cola in 1964, switches its advertising and package artwork room hillbillies to action-oriented scenes.The third Mountain Dew slogan appe bed in 1973 Put A Little Yahoo in Your Life.PepsiCo acquired Pizza Hut, Inc. Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney.Taco buzzer is was acquired by Pepsi. Taco Bell was established in the mid 1960s by Glen Bell.PepsiCo purchased Kentucky Fried Chicken, the drawing card in the quick service chicken market. KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders. Colonel Sanders began franchising the company in 1952. KFC was spun off along with Pizza Hut and Taco Bell businesses as Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. in 1997.PepsiCo purchases Seven-Up International, the third largest franchise soft intoxication operation outside the United States get up Analysis, which is based on stark(a) re behold of the business (corporation, product category competitor, customers and products), identities and evaluates the internal strengths and weakness of the companies well as its external nemesiss and opportunities.The selling mix is driven by the results of the SWOT analysis.2.1. STRENGTHSDemand of Pepsi is more than its competitors.Company has a very established draw and a good reputatio n.Pepsi has large market lot than its competitors.As the charge customers of Pepsi is materialization generation, so Pepsi has more brand loyal customers.Most of the customers argon satisfied with the price of the Pepsi.Pepsi is an international company and it has a very substantial position internationally.The environment of factory is very good and attractive.Pepsi spends a curing of budget on its advertising.Pepsi has a very vast statistical distribution way and it is easily available everywhere.Employees are also motivated.People the likes of the render and quality of Pepsi around the worldPepsi has heavy advertising and promotion activitiesPepsi offers many a(prenominal) discount schemes for customers time to time.Pepsi Cola is sponsoring sports, musical concerts, walks2.2. WEAKNESSESPepsi does not offer any sort of incentive or discount to its retailers.Pepsi target only late customers in their promotions.Crown of the disposable bottle is not good.Demand of establish ment bottle is declining.Result of low profile or non-existent advertisingPepsi tin pack is not available in far off unpolished areas.Pepsi is not considering many authorization outlets like hotels, college slewteens etc.Most of the beverages leave is detained to few countries.Lack of innovation.Lack of popularity of many Pepsis brandsHealth growths2.3. OPPORTUNITIES mutationCompany may start entering rural areas also.The company may also diversify its business in just about other potential business.Launch healthy drinksIncrease mineral water salesincrease interest of mess in musical groups, cultural shows and sports has provided an opportunity for Pepsi to increase its sales through them.Overtake competitorsIncrease Awareness programsNew technologies that approach efficiencies.Launch other Pepsi variants in the untapped countries.2.4. THREATSThe main competitor of the company is the Coca Cola.At the international level, Pepsi has a very strong competition with Coke.Coke h as started its advertisements more military groupively to increase their strike and it is a very strong threat for Pepsi.New entrants are gaining market share on-going recessionCola drinks are not good for the health so the awareness level of the people is increasing which is a big threat to the companyDecrease in Pepsi brand value in refinement few years.Some negative health workEconomy unstableness in third world countriesEconomic altitude become fruitlessPolitical instability in few countriesThe prices of raw materials much(prenominal) as sugar and metals using in manufacturing are increasing rapidly.Adversary is cerebration Seriously About Textile Sector MarketBounded brands3.1. semipolitical FACTORSPolitical StabilityWhenever the government is considered to be stable, the business pull up stakes flourish. If in that location is political stability in the country the policies and strategies gear up by Pepsi fag be consistent to be implemented. Foreign companies are also smashing to invest in those countries which are politically stable where they commence no fear of decline in their market share or take out toss off due to sudden change of government.Mixed EconomyIn mixed economy government and private sector both plays their aim in developing the economy of the country. Investment by foreign companies like Pepsi is more likely to flourish in mixed economy.Laws Formulation giving medication has given copy rights to Pepsi so that another company cannot sell their product by the name of Pepsi. The countries where laws are formulated, the strategies and activities of the company are variant.Social businessPepsis social responsibility is to provide its customers with clean and hygienic product so to do this they have increased the use of disposable bottles.3.2. ECONOMIC FACTORSIncome and Income per CapitaIf the income level or per capita income of the people increases, it will have a positive effect on the consumption of Pepsi.InflationIf t he country faces inflationary trend in the market, the price of the Pepsi will ultimately increase which will lower its demand. manipulation BehaviorUnited Kingdom and other countries are consumption oriented societies. Due to demonstration effect the people are more given over towards consumption than saving. So the people spent heavily on food items. Hence Pepsi has a good market share in the present circumstances.Income DistributionIt means how much is in the hands of rich and silly class. In World 10% rich people posses 93% of wealthiness and 90% people posses 7% of wealth. If there is balanced distribution of income in the country, the consumption of the people will increase hence increasing the sales of beverages as well.Payment ModAs the use of plastic funds is increasing the consumption pattern of the people are increasing. Although it will have a low propel on the consumption of Pepsi.Employment OpportunitiesAs employment opportunities increase the living standard of the people increase and the people consume more.Aggregate DemandIn case of Pepsi, pile up demand of the product increases in the pacify of summer as the hot weather makes the consumers want to drink more.Aggregate SupplyIn summer season to cope up with the increasing demand they have to increase the aggregate supply of their product.Economic PoliciesSome of the economic policies which can affect the market of Pepsi are discussed belowFiscal PolicyIt is the policy of taskes. If heavy tax is levied on Pepsi and then its price will rise having negative effect on its consumption.Monetary PolicyMonetary policy is make to restrict or increase the supply of money in the market. If policies are made to restrict the flow of money in the market, inflation can be controlled hence increasing the real income of the people which will ultimately affect the consumption of Pepsi.Price PolicyIf price of Pepsi is increased its demand will decrease and vice versa.Income PolicyIf income of the peop le will increase their purchasing power will increase and hence increasing the market share of Pepsi?3.3. SOCIAL FACTORSPsychographicIt is a combination of demographic and psychological factors. Psychological attributes mean how you perceive things. The company will focus on the behavior of consumers and make different changes in their product quantity or quality and in promoting their product so that they can attract the customers. Keeping in view that the behavior of different consumers is not alike they have to make their trade strategies in accordance with their requirements so that they are convinced to buy the product.religiousReligious factors can influence the market sales of Pepsi as it happened in 2003 when the U.S-led attack on Iraq, wide sections of society in Pakistan have banned American multinationals Coke and PepsiSocial StatusPepsi is a well renowned brand. People who are brand conscious will not drink beverages of lesser known brands. They will try to show their status by drinking Pepsi which is known to all as a quality drink.MediaIt is a very important factor for marketing. Media these days is a very trenchant way of inspiring people to buy a specific product. A good promotion can boast up sales to a great extent.3.4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSResearch and DevelopmentThrough research and growing quality of the product can be improved or break away techniques or machinery can be developed which can increase the production. When engine room is advance the supply of the product increase hence the company experiences growth in their business.Pepsi operates in almost all the countries and these are also expert factorsIntroduction of cans and plastic BottlesNewer and attractive Designs State-of-the-Art plantsAdvertisement3.5. OTHERS FACTORS3.5.1. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS boardThe requirements of different age groups are different. Pepsi should target that age group that consumes it the most and make promotional strategies according to their behavior . So their main target is the young generation.EducationA company has to make promotional strategies guardianship in view the customer level. If the percentage of education is high in a country then through advertisements people can be made well aware of their product and can convey their message easily. progression and education has a direct relationship.Population DistributionPopulation distribution means how much population lives urban areas and rural areas. Pepsi is focusing on urban areas as people there are more inclined towards such(prenominal) beverage while people in rural areas are more inclined drinking desi drinks.3.5.2. PHYSICAL FACTORRegionWorld is carve up into different geographical regions. Marketing and sales of Pepsi is different in different geographical regions. In hot areas its demand is more.City SizeThe cities which are densely populated the consumption of Pepsi is more.ClimatePepsi is more suitable for humid or hot weathered countries. It is a source of r efreshment when a person is thirty due to the hot weather.InfrastructureRoads are the elemental need for transportation of Pepsi from one place to another. Pepsi cannot open factories in every city so it has to transport it to other cities where Pepsi is demanded.Electricity is the basic necessity for production of any product. Constant load shedding slows down the process of production which leads to less production and low market share.The marketing world is full of surprises. Who could imagine that Coca Cola would be overtaken by Pepsi? If Coke could be overrun by Pepsi, it would be no interrogate that Pepsi might be overtaken by some other beverage. The need then is to combine quality with ingenuity. Along with that, the reputation of the company has to be unbroken robust.Today we live in a fast moving world where novelty and newness count a lot. One cannot rest on ones laurels. odorous efforts, newness of approach must endure the cardinal principles of a well orchestrate m arketing strategy and the struggle must be relentless.A unbroken bombardment in advertisement would convince the clients that Pepsi is a part of their lives. In order to live with style, Pepsi ought to be an essential ingredient of ones life. The Pepsi is at its maturity date stage and the sales of company are not growing very rapidly. Company is doing a lot of promotional activities to let the product keep in the market. It holds a large share of the market and whenever the sales solid ground declining, the company can improve it by different promotional activities.Marketers of Pepsi can try to improve sales by improving one or more marketing mix elements. They can cut prices to attract new users and competitors customers. They can also launch a better advertising campaign or use aggressive sales promotion to improve the sales. Thus, Pepsi is at its maturity stage.PEPSI, the pickaxe of Generation next is not providing the first choice of young generation. A young generation w ants something strong in cold drinks thus prefers Thumsup. Pepsi should come out with some extra strong penchant to catch up maximum young generation to become simply Generation Next drink.Company should appoint competent honest salesman so that they could provide schemes to the entire retailers cover their full route.It is often seen that some salesman do not intimate schemes to the retailer few of the retailers complained about it. So there should be frequent visits of Customer Executives to their respective areas to keep the shopkeepers benefited with various schemes. clench in starting of supply vans from respective depot should be analyse a proper time register should be maintained.Most of the retailers are kvetch about non-fulfillment of commitments regarding their consume. Company should make sure that the retailers get the sampling on time so that they are satisfied.Most of the retailers are complaining about delay no replacement of burst bottles. Marketing sol icitude should sort some solutions to this major problem of replacing burst bottles. half(a) filled bottles should also be takeed at the time of issue of goods from the distributors go down to the respective routes.Company should try to give some credit facility to the distributors so that they get motivated.Credit facility for retailers should be provided.Proper feedback system should be developed by ensuring regular visits check randomly at the various outletsPepsi is a well renowned company and it has maintained its position well by understanding the client psychology, by ensuring quality, by introducing ingenuity in products, by enlarging its product base, by keeping economic factors in view and by intense and jazzy advertisements.Whenever and where ever there is a spotlight event, Pepsi must figure in, like the play and football matches between any country and many other such occasions. The key word for success in the Marketing World is to remain in the spotlight and that is what Pepsi is doing.SWOT Analysis of Pepsi, which is based on positive review of the business (corporation, product category competition, customers and products), identities and evaluates the internal strengths and weakness of the company well as its external threats and opportunities.

Social and Feminist Influences of Austen and Shakespeare

Social and Feminist Influences of Austen and Shakespe arBy Khalil JethaIntroductionFeminist estimate is a movement truly indicative of a dynamic nightspot. When military personnelifested in literature, it signifies the time out of old traditions, and the macrocosmner in which feminism is presented reflects the attitude of the author and federation to the aforementi aced changes. In the sheath of William Shakespeargon (1564-1616), presenting em causeed charrishs was of marked importee as the Elizabethan era marked the unanimousest effeminate monarchy England had ever seen. However, upon ambient inspection it sight be inferred that Shakespeargon had an innate disregard for fe mannish authority, reflected by examining the char presenters Desdemona (from Othello), Kate (from The Taming of the full termagant), and Rosalind (from As You the like It). The prevailing approach in Shakespe ares time was star of trepidation for the wild woman, or a egg-producing(prenominal) who did non conform to societal expectations. The supposed womens rightist comp whizznt parts merely served to lend form and dimension to male person roles and patriarchal themes. In contrast, later authors much(prenominal) as Jane Austen (1775-1817) used em great powered characters much(prenominal) as Elizabeth Bennet (from experience and Prejudice), Elinor Dashwood (from nose out and Sensibility), and Catherine Morland (from Northanger Abbey) to present feasible realities within the context of the participation in which Austen lived. Working her characters into the framework of her era, Austen used women non as a mean but as her end. Un corresponding Shakespeares characters, whose wiles and individuality served as gimmicks to provoke patriarchy, Austens characters stateed women who existed independently of male-dominated societies.Through careful dissection and comparison of texts, Shakespeares Othello, The Taming of the Shrew (TOS), and As You Like It (AYLI), exe mplify womanishs whose emancipation and unorthodox qualities are lastly extinguished by tyrannic male figures. Desdemona, Kate, and Rosalind are all rotatoryly different characters encompassing various feelings of the womanly psyche. Desdemona represents a rebellious picayune girl and knowledgeablely insatiable wife whose wiles can non be controlled by men, a feature film which set outs her husband insane. Kate, the shrew, is the empowered woman who succumbs to the power of smart set, forgoing her independence to become a wife, in the process experiencing a miraculous transfiguration instigated by her husbands subjugation. Rosalind is unique among the terce, an omniscient whose altruist disposition cedes dominance to her alter ego, Geverymede.A more accurate description of the term womens liberationist applies to Austen, whose characters do non serve to alter or l imbibe male characters. While successfully writing novels whose eyepatchs and characters fit in eig hteenth century England, Austen manages to show a different spot of women, a side that is adversely affected by the character weaknesses of men. Her novels Northanger Abbey (NA), Pride and Prejudice (PP), and Sense and Sensibility (SS) present young-bearing(prenominal)s whose pensive minds servicing them maneuver with the dissipated and impractical societies in which they find themselves animate. NAs Catherine Morland, PPs Elizabeth Bennet, and SS Elinor Dashwood are subtly different however, the three female characters share their firm ethical motive and unwavering integrity in common. Catherine Morland finds herself change by reversaling up in a world of first glances and vagaries, the sharp-witted Elizabeth Bennet spites the English bourgeois for their pride, finding that she herself has prepossession to overcome. SS Elinor Dashwood finds that throughout her life she cannot rely solely on men though society wills her to do so all three women overcome visitation to resur rect into worldly individuals, unlike Shakespeares who either compromise their temper or lives in the course of their leverive texts.Shakespeares Characters and WorksShakespeares Othello is notable among Shakespeares tragedies because it presents a unique setting and character establishment. The takesake and protagonist, a Moor (a Muslim of African descent), transcends racial and religious flincharies to enter and poke out the elite of Venice. The relationships in the midst of Othello and other Venetians communicates Shakespeares disdain for society, manifested in the scoundrel Iago. From a womens liberationist standpoint, however, the most prevalent victim of tragic mount is not the Moor of Venice, but quite the woman he marries. Desdemona is the genuine martyr for womens rightist ideals, encumbered both as a woman struggling to pursue a life with the wiz she defecate a go at its of another lam and as a woman living in a mans world, struggling to defend her marital fidelity and personal integrity. As a feminist martyr, she is helplessly passive, can do nothing, unable to strike back pull down in speech because her nature is infinitely sweetened and her fill in absolute (Bloom 1987, p. 80). When Othello accuses her of compromising her fidelity, she is insulted and maintains her integrity by refusing to even answer much(prenominal) allegations. Viewed by the reader, this action is oneness of pride and confidence. However, when she counters Othello, slightly treating his insecurities by inquiring what he could ask her, that she should deny/Or stand so mammering on, he perceives it as her attempts at masking her own desires to seek sexual expiation outside the bonds of matrimony (Act III, slam iii, lines 69-71).Desdemona is constantly struggling with her environment. On the one hand, she fits into society as a married young woman. On the other, she presents a threat to the stability of patriarchal society. By marrying outside her race and religion, Desdemona defies bespoke by posing the scandal of miscegenated offspring. Confronted by her father, Desdemona vehemently rejects his concerns and contentions, raiseing Othello despite the situation that she perceives a divided duty Desdemona rationally argues in favor of Othello, profession that she should show Othello the same preference her mother showd/To Brabantio (Act I, Scene iii, lines 178-188). In her argument that presupposes her assertiveness, Desdemona reveals social boundaries a woman faces first she is bound by allegiance to her father, then she grows to devote her life to her husband.From a sex issues standpoint, her identity as a sexually charged, break throughding newlywed earns her little more than violent encounters with Othello and her eventual murder. Her charged sexual nature catalyze Othellos sexual anxieties through not fault of her own, as Iago manipulates Othellos marital instability to begin with (Bloom 1987, p. 81). Ultimately, it is Othe llos indecision, his inability to voice his suspicions flat that kick upstairs fuel his insanity and use of goods and services at Iagos pass Desdemona pays the ultimate price for her loyalties, both in marriage and to herself (Bloom 1987, p. 88). Throughout the play, Desdemona, like the other female characters of the play, never requires validation or reassurance of her value as a person. Othello represents the need for public respect, a reason why Iagos suggestions of Desdemonas infidelity drives him insane. Desdemona is further degraded as Othello gives Iago more character reference than he does his own wife. In all his deceptions, Iagos feigned sexual mania gives him power which Desdemonas genuine love cannot counteract Shakespeare shows his audience that female character is surpassed in importance even by spurious male camaraderie (Bloom 1987, p. 91). A victim of male circumstance, Desdemona is tragically caught between the Iagos insecurities as a soldier surpassed by an outsider and Othellos insecurities as an outsider seeking social accordance. Othellos marriage to Desdemona objectifies her Iago spites Othello for marrying Desdemona as it completes what Iago perceives as Fates transgression against his station in life. Othello, in change state, is never sated, as his marriage to Desdemona should develop consolidated his power as a man instead, he resents Desdemonas confidence and the power that even a suggestion of her infidelity asserts over him. The feminist criticism of the sanctuary of love revolves around loves existence as a intend of control when Othellos male autonomy is compromised and he begins to speculate on his nature as secondary to his wifes sexual power, he goes insane, ironically smothering her to death using the same sheets used during the night of their marriages consummation. Desdemonas erstwhile functional marriage serves as the proverbial straw that breaks the camels back, as Othello finds the detest due the swan almo st as difficult to bear as the loss of Desdemona (Bloom 1987, p. 90). Shakespeares presentation of Desdemona as a pawn in Iagos handling can be presented as his disdain with societys misogyny. However, Desdemonas portrayal as the helpless victim serves to further discredit female military unit.While the tragic death of Othello surpasses Desdemonas in literary importance, Desdemona becomes more tragic a character than her e unsungd husband. She has done nothing to earn the contempt of her husband, whose murderous intent and eventual suicide serve as the wholly(prenominal) inwardness of self-validation. She has become an object in Othellos self-renunciation, nothing more than another circumstanceor in Shakespearian tragedy. In his portrayal of Desdemona, Shakespeare may have been able to present a feminist case for the station of women in society and their abuses at the transfer of men. tho Othello is not made the villain Iago is the person portrayed as destroying a life, not in Desdemonas passing but in Othellos fall from grace. Desdemona, though a possible case for the argument of feminist characters in Elizabethan theatre, is ultimately too passive to be a feasible feminist. Had she asserted herself and called Othellos insecurity, her husbands pride may have been compromised, but it would serve as a means for him to hear the primary culprits at hand. That Desdemona confronted her father and not her own husband plays the feminist argument into doubt marriage, not self-sufficiency, was Desdemonas final goal. She sought neither to validate herself nor her sense of self-worth, but rather chose a life of awe to the Moor she loved. In essence, she presented herself as a victim from the very(prenominal) beginning. distant other Shakespeare plays, TOS can be sweep upn both in its diachronic context and simultaneously be applied to the modern social constrictions women face. In its historical context, the play presents a comical obstacle standing betwee n a man and the object of his affection. In a more contemporary setting, however, TOS is a story of one mans conquest over a womans social and e campaignal independence and the jejuneness of a free spirit. The aforementioned setting makes sport out of breaking Kates will and reveals a theoretical rebuttal of radical feminism.As TOS unfolds, the audience sees Kate as a social pariah, unfit for society as she spurns the institution of marriage and the idea of love. An independent, sharp-tongued woman, she is demonized by the local male world who sees her as a barricade preventing courtship of the demure, younger, more favorable Bianca. It is not completely dismissible a notion that Shakespeare wrote TOS with the intent of exposing the farce of authentic(p) types of marriage. Shakespeare may have juxtaposed the stubinnate(p), resilient, and often violent Kate with the desirable Bianca to show the duplicity of social marriages. In his article entitled The Taming of the Shrew Mocks th e orb Mercantile Marriage, Gareth Lloyd Evans describes the world of TOS as mercantile to the end, showing how even at the conclusion of its biggest transaction (the marriage of Bianca), the gambling element remains (Marvel 2000, p. 69). In the end, Kate becomes docile to the will of Petruchio, leaving Bianca flabbergasted at her childs change of heart. Kates radical change from self-avowed hater of all things love and marriage hence becomes the locus of the question of her nature as a feminist character was Shakespeares portrayal of Kate as a sultry misanthrope a comic device or a social gist? If Shakespeare intended to use Kate in the same manner with which he employed the character of Desdemona in Othello (that is, as a means to the spots end), then TOS fasten ons on an entirely new direction. Using Kate as a comic device makes female independence the object of scorn and ridicule, and Shakespeares tone toward feminist issues would be dismissive and, condescension not withs tanding, misogynist. As the object of a social statement, Kate would become a testament to the futilities of female cynicism and rejection of society.Examining Kates transition lends credibility to the express stance. If Shakespeare was a feminist writer, creating Kates character with the purpose of communicating a substance to society at large, the shrew being tamed would be Petruchio. Instead, Petruchios taming of Kate is an act of in stock- muteding humility in a spoiled, egotistical, comfortably-fed, rich girl and forcing her to allow a will other than her own (Marvel 2000, p. 147). The feminist standpoint would rather be one of prevailing contempt for Petruchio, a self-avowed social climber whose desire to marry Kate stems from expansion of his familys wealth. Like Desdemona, Kates independence and strength as a female character are smother by marriage unlike Desdemona, Kates marriage to the ruffian Petruchio is one with ulterior motive. Kates man and wife is a travesty and a sacrilege, deflower by Petruchios intoxication and unruly garb (Marvel 2000, p. 152). Almost indicative of Petruchios goal of taming the shrew, he further suppresses Kate by caressing her at the will of I will not (Marvel 2000, p. 152). Ironically, the kiss represents more than the overbearing will of an intoxicated groom. The significance of calm downing Kates ill will with a kiss is utterly symbolic of her contentions toward TOS opening. Standing at the altar, her final countersign is one against a life of pacification and subjugation under the domination of a husband. The actual taming does not begin until after marriage, a further explanation of Kates disdain.What is more social function to about Kates taming is the means in which she is subdued. Following her outrage at the spectacle of the wedding, Petruchio denies Kate food, insisting that it is for her own good. Later, he denies her access to the ornate clothing provided by the tailor. Before leaving for their relapse to Padua, Kate implores her husband that they make haste, as they are late. Petruchio sputters that he will not go, and that she is reading the time incorrectly Petruchio condescendingly states that whenever they leave it will be at what oclock he says it is (Act IV, Scene iii, line 189). The means denied Kate in her taming are food, clothing, and free will. Kate begins to rely on her husband for survival, warmth, and freedom of motion. Essentially, Petruchio becomes not only her husband but excessively her guardian, leaving Kate with the independence of a small child. It is almost as if he is brainwashing her, torturing her by keeping her hungry, clothed in what path he sees fit, restricting her motion and even forcing her sense of time under the fetters of his will. Shakespeares only message here is not simply the futility of female emancipation, but the repercussions of atypical female action. Kate is portrayed as earning her fate through her belligerence and the days she exhausted terrorizing society with her outbursts and sporadic violence. The more a woman strays from the path society sets out for her, the harsher the punishment in an inescapable future marriage.The only negating aspect to the misogyny of Shakespearean assertion is Kates nature. though stubborn, Kate is intelligent, too in her apparent surrender to her husbands mad will, Kate realizes she can take the wind completely out of his sails, deprive his weapon of its power, even turn it against himtame him in his own humor (Marvel 2000, p. 52). By entertaining his strange whims, Kate can turn the tides against Petruchio, calling his bluff, so to speak. aft(prenominal) all, Petruchios dementia is take upd, as he is trying to irk his wife and break her composure. As the entertaining, submitting wife, Kate also tames Petruchio she conceivably leaves him no reason to be as erratic as the wife whose will he set out to break. In this sense, Kate is Petruchios equal, and in their social obscurity, they are made acceptable through the bonds of marriage.On the surface, Rosalind is socially acceptable, like most of Shakespeares characters. She is almost altruistic, exuding transcendental knowledge about life and love. She chastises Silvius for his devotion to Phoebe, yet swoons for Orlando and does not grow embittered at the prospect of love in the manner TOS Kate does. As one of the more engaging characters of the play, Rosalind, like Othellos Desdemona, goes against her uncles wishes in the hunting of her love, in this case manifested by Orlando. Unlike Desdemona, however, Rosalind is more congenial, coaxing her uncle by imploring his forgiveness. Rosalind testifies to Duke Frederick that if she offended him in her affections for Orlando, it was never so much as in a thought unborn (Act I, Scene iii, lines 49-50). As a maam and a daughter, Rosalind is the ideal woman to show society. She is polite, reserved, and wise beyond her years. Her personality, however, s hifts to a point unparalleled by other Shakespearean characters. Rosalinds power as a possible feminist character is best exemplified in her interactions while cross-dressed as Ganymede (Ganymed). After she assumes the identity of the male Ganymede, Rosalinds character unfolds as one who is both enticing and mysterious, alluring to the romantic, erotic, and homoerotic aspects of theatre. She begins to take a more aggressive stance in her interaction with Orlando, preventing him from kissing her despite her desire, insisting that he should speak first (Act IV, Scene i, lines 69-74).As mentioned previously, men were exclusive actors as women were not permitted entry into the world of Elizabethan theatre. Homoeroticism was essentially an unavoidable subtext to any Shakespearean play. The choice of the classical mythological figure of Ganymede is indicative of Shakespearean homoeroticism. In Greek myth, Ganymede was a shepherd boy with whom Zeus (Jove) fell in love. Rosalind on an Eli zabethan stage would therefore be a male actor cross-dressed as a woman, who in the play cross-dresses as a homosexual man beguiling and perhaps slightly manipulating the unsuspecting Orlando. When taken into this context, As You Like It reveals new depth and content. Michael Shapiro delves into cross-gender devices in his book Gender in caper on the Shakespearean Stage Boy Heroines Female Pages. Rosalind adopts three break down and distinct layers of identityRosalind, Ganymede, and Rosalind (Shapiro 1994, p. 119). The sole purpose behind her schizophrenic metamorphosis is her love for Orlando, a man she has barely met. The first Rosalind is the vibrant character attracted to Orlando. Ganymede serves as a mentor to Orlando, a giver of advice in her surmisal of Ganymedes identity, Rosalind alters her own nature as a woman living in a patriarchy as she takes the role of a mentor, big(a) man-to-man advice to Orlando on the behavior of wives (Shapiro 1994, p. 124). This ascension to egalitarian status with Orlando is pondering of the first feminist objective to attain total social equivalence with men.The third Rosalind is the one who acts according to the advice she gives Orlando as Ganymede, and incidentally is the most intriguing of the three identities. As Ganymede, Rosalind has a control over Orlandos emotions and thoughts. She can influence him whichever way she so pleases by suggesting, as a man, how Orlando ought to suffer or react to women as wives. As the third Rosalind, she can indirectly affect Orlando by either corroborating through her actions any advice she gave as Ganymede, or further discredit Ganymede by acting opposite. Rosalind ultimately has the choice of how she wants Orlando to accept her. Rosalind can covet Orlandos trust and affections as a man, and in doing so mold him to her liking so that she may later win him over as a woman. Ganymedes presence as a trusted friend of Orlando is significant as it is perhaps the only way Rosalin d can enjoy equality. This aspect of her cross-dressing is wholly non-feminist in its nature. From a radical feminist standpoint, there should be no gender labels, in which case Rosalind has failed to identify herself as such as she is forced to become a man. From a liberal feminist standpoint, gender labels can exist and differences should be respected. In the liberal feminist mindset, Rosalind has failed to gain equality as she is only given credibility as a man the nature of the advice Orlando seeks regarding the nature of women as wives can only be trusted as glide path from a man.Equally plausible is that Rosalind is forced to act the way she does to function what she wants. Rosalind may have taken the initiative to achieve her goals no matter the cost of identity. Furthermore, her male identity had the potential to liberate her female identities as Ganymede, Rosalind had the power to dictate to Orlando the manner in which women should be approached. Shakespeare had the oppor tunity to electrical relay a message through his cross-dressing female chock, but failed to endeavor to such communication. though working within the limits of his society, Shakespeare did not address issues through Rosalinds characters in the manner Austen does with her female protagonists. While heavy-handed techniques are not necessary, Shakespeare only flirted with the notion of empowered females as it augmented the situational comedy in AYLI.Shakespeares characters cannot be accurately described as feminists, even with respect to the social norms they challenge in his works. The Webster Dictionary defines feminism as the opening of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.Though her marriage to Othello was one of controversy, it was one that tried the boundaries of race and religion-relations. Miscegenation, not misogyny, was addressed in their relationship. Desdemona was perpetually a victim whose life rested solely in the hands of her insane husband. For D esdemona to be a feminist or even have feminist characteristics, she would have picked up a sword and joined Othello in the military. The Venice in which she lived only economically endowed her with a dowry, which would then be paid upon marriage. From a social standpoint, Desdemona may have been able to petition her fellow Venetians for help when she suspected Othellos violent tendencies. However, she chose to leave her destiny in the hands of her husband, no matter the outcome.Kate, though constantly haranguing the general public for the institution of love, does not take her stance for feminist reasons. The traditional feminist struggle on the institution of marriage focuses on marriage as forcing accepted roles on women (motherhood and subjugation under a husband in particular). in that location is no indication that Kate took any of these stances more plausible is that she is embittered by the fact that society forces marriage and not why it is forced.Rosalind is perhaps the strongest character of the three in question. That she is assertive has little to do with her identity as a feminist character. While there is little doubt that she is a hero and one of the foci of AYLI, and still less speculation on the strength of her character, she still does not actively seek political or economic equality. thither is no mention of her stance on women in society. The most feminist aspect of Rosalind is her ability to transcend gender. In cross-dressing, she reflects new interposition by Orlando. Though not more positive or negative than her treatment when Orlando acknowledged Rosalind as a woman, as Ganymede, Rosalind shows that Orlando approaches her with similar respect. Rosalinds sexual empowerment does deify her to a certain degree it is as if she has the power to evoke feelings in men that would erstwhile not exist.With the exception of TOS Kate, Shakespearean females are usually composed individuals who contribute to the development of a plot or male cha racter. However, all three Shakespearean characters can be described as heroes to a degree. Carol Pearson defines a hero in her book The Female Hero in American and British literary works as one who departs from convention and thereby either implicitly or explicitly challenges the myths that define the status quo (Pearson 1981, p. 16).Desdemona, though sexually more antecedent than other Shakespearean women, is at home in her surroundings. She is a born Venetian of high stature, and though she keeps her relationship with Othello secret, she has no conflicting interests in Venice. Her marriage to an outsider challenges the myth of requisite same-race marriage. Othello, on the other hand, is a man of different race and religion, struggling to make a name for himself in a new land. He is not nearly as self-assured as Desdemona, his physical differences weighing on his conscience and cost him peace of mind. Where Desdemona has made peace to accept her own death (she requests the weddi ng sheets be placed on the bed), Othello is never composed to the measure Desdemona exudes. In short, Desdemona acts as foil to Othello in each way their union is one that naturally causes friction, without which Iago would never be able to manipulate the situation.Kate and Petruchio are very unique among Shakespearean couples though Petruchio is hardly a hero by the Shakespearean norm of gallantry, he is the man who tames the shrew. However unorthodox a hero, Petruchio is the perfect match for Kate in his gruffness, his unkempt demeanor, and his social shortcomings. The two have only their resilient personalities in common Kate is more polished and respectable than her wily husband, but the two both have a natural contempt for life that can only be quelled by their marriage. Their relationship is one of servant and master, the power balance shifting constantly. Though Kate detested the pandering of her past suitors, her attraction for Petruchio budded because he was precisely the opposite of what society (and her father) wanted for her. To keep her interest piqued, Petruchio naturally appealed to Kate and had to maintain a certain air about himself. Following their marriage, Kate became subservient, accepting Petruchios odd tendencies and orders to pacify him (he never would have expected a docile Kate, and receiving one shifted manipulation back into Kates hands). Though their personalities are strong, societys favor puts the advantage in to Petruchios hands as in access to a wife he also gained financial means. Kate is merely a means to an end for Petruchio, whereas Petruchio is the only means for Kate to attain what society expects of her.Rosalind and Orlando are another anomaly, though in the end, Rosalind exists more for Orlando than vice versa. Cross-dressing aside, Rosalinds sweet temperament and witty rapport make her the ideal mate. Orlando, with the exception of his interior birth and notable wrestling skills, is rather normal in every respect. Rosalind exists only to marry Orlando, and while her transsexual tendencies are a force with which to be reckoned, her antics merely delay what an inevitable relationship and existence. Her previously mentioned maddening was a perfect metaphor for a life whose direction she could not control.Shakespeare as a FeministWhether in tragedies or comedies, Shakespeares female characters vary greatly in their nature and the social mold they fit. presumptuousness the Elizabethan era in which Shakespeare lived, most of his more wily and merry female characters went against the grain of society. However, most all of Shakespeares more in good order female characters occurred in comedies, begging the question of whether or not they could be taken seriously as characters that could exist outside the realms of stage narrative. That these strong female characters exist only in comedies does not question any aspect of society. In keeping with his comedies humorous undertones, Shakespeare may ver y well have made his female characters strong because their existence would be laughable. After all, Elizabethan stage actors were all male women were never allowed in theatre. Furthermore, the tendencies of comedic so-called feminist characters are to either succumb to societys restraints, or to be smothered by overpowering male dominance. The women of Shakespeares plays are usually the ones who change, often when they become married. Katherina, for example, succumbs to marriage, settling for Petruchio, a drunkard whose flaunty personality and strong sense of deviance outweighs her own rejections of conformity and domestication. Her resiliency goes unrewarded, and she once again becomes a subservient figure in the prototypical patriarchy of the time. A large reason behind female retrenchment in Shakespearean plays was also public acceptance. No patron, male or female, would return to Shakespeares productions if the prevailing themes were the emancipation of women. Female assert ion was a taboo, a reason why it was so popular in comedies. The superior aspect of comedies is the aversion of tragedy negative happenstances that reach fruition are tragedies, and the same happenstances that are avoided are comedies. As the defining characteristic of a comedy, the resolution of a problem is mirrored in the pacification of said comedys female rogues. The strength of women in Shakespeares plays, therefore, is a literary tool used to build up the glory and win of men and the patriarchies in which they exist.What cannot be dismissed, however, is the context in which Shakespeare wrote the plays. Speculation of his historical surroundings denote Shakespeares tendency to pander to leadership, in this case, Englands greatest female monarch, Elizabeth I. Though society was largely patriarchal, the monarchy led by queen who did not marry. It is not completely unlikely that Shakespeare pandered to the female monarch, emulating her faltering to wed in his The Taming of the Shrew. Queen Elizabeth, after all, did not marry, nor would she fit into societys mold of the typical woman. Shakespeares characters were daring for the time, as they also broke the mold of Elizabethan women. Unlike Queen Elizabeth, however, the strong female characters of Shakespeares plays were exemplified by their ability to manipulate, control, and overpower men. In many ways, the strength of women served as a means to make women antagonists. For example, Desdemonas power existed to drive Othello mad with her unchecked sexuality. She exhibited a power over men, one that would not be contained or controlled by men. Though Iago manipulated the characters of Othello, it was extreme jealousy that pack the plays namesake mad, causing him to kill himself and the woman he could not control. The message conveyed in Othello could be construed to be a foreboding one to women in society and the men that dominated them losing control of women and compromising male dominance leads to tragi c consequences.Shakespeares Rosalind was unique, different from Desdemona and Katherina in her omniscience and enlightened state. Though the complexity of her emotions and thoughts is unrivaled in As You Like It, she takes on a darker side, one of manipulation and social subversion. Though laudable, her social deviance still leaves the play wanting for a male counterpart to complement her. She cannot strike hard the respective stations of men and women for too long without succumbing to loves fetters herself. It is as though Shakespeare is communicating the futility of female nonconformity. Shakespeares penultimate message in comedic female characters is one of concession. Though women are welcome to mock and society and live outside its bounds, they all must eventually grow into wives and docile domesticates

Counterculture Analysis: The Manson Family

Counter gardening Analysis The Manson FamilySarah BlonarowyczIn a world full of different continents, countries, and beyond, there be a Brobdingnagian variety of different societies, and within those societies, different cultures. While there is a command culture set by the majority of society, there atomic number 18 also branches of some former(a) cultures with their stimulate set of values and norms. Some be simply referred to as subcultures, and others be referred to as countercultures. A counterculture refers to a meeting of flock within a society that creates new norms bring outdoor(a) the general culture that make coexisting difficult mingled with the larger and littler cultures (Sociology 39). While there are have been and continue to be countercultures donjon inside the culture of the majority, some countercultures have gone d own in history for their nonorious actions-countercultures like the Manson Family.The 1960s were quite a miscellanea from the modest 19 050s. The Beatles took the world by storm, and half the American population were impressible teenagers ready to evolve their lives by the horns, like questioning the validity of mainstream sacred (PBS), and giving drugs like marijuana and LSD power (University of Virginia Library). Also, the rise of the civilised rights movement influenced the opinions of citizens all across the country (History). All these concepts were new to the Americans, which do culture a volatile entity among society.Charles Manson, an ex-convict, saw the fluctuation in culture as an opportunity to display his root words of utter chaos in preceding of the public in attempt of gaining followers and support, to which he succeeded. Manson utilized his charisma in manipulative meanss by using sex as a way to gain followers, starting with his first l everywhere after(prenominal) the fourth dimension he did in California State Penitentiaries, Mary Theresa Brunner. subsequently Brunner, other women began to band together in support of Manson, satisfying his invariably desire, officially creating the group the world now chicanes today as the Manson Family (Virginia).The idea of this counterculture was created by Manson as a concept later coined Helter Skelter, the same call originally given to a The Beatles song. Helter Skelter was essentially the idea that the world was tarriance on an impending apocalyptic race war between the sinlessness people and the black people. Manson desired that the blacks would dominate, but would fail to maintain their dominance, which would be Manson and his familys discriminative stimulus to weasel their way into power after surviving the war through cover (Virginia). Mansons possible action took the norms of this magazine period and added an element of violence and chaos. He took this theory into his own hands and made that violence and chaos a reality.In order to induce the race war he predicted, Manson had a plan. During this measure of the clashing public opinions between black people and white people over civil rights, Manson and his family committed heinous crimes against white celebrities in attempt to march black people and create more conflict between the 2 races (Virginia). The most famous cases held responsible by the Manson family were the get rid ofs of Gary Hinman, Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, and Sharon Tate.The assassinate of Gary Hinman was carried out primarily by the Family members Charles Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, Mary Brunner, Bobby Beausoleil, and Charles Manson himself. by and by a scam play by Watson under the orders of Manson, Hinman allegedly owed Manson Money. When Hinman was unable to cooperate under the hale of Beausoleil, Atkins, and Brunner, Beausoleil stabbed and killed Hinman, finishing Mansons job after slicing Hinmans ear with a trade name (Crime Museum).Atkins and Watson, along with Manson, were also discover to have involvement in the murder of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca as we ll as other Family members, Steve Grogan, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel (Crime Museum). After be a party at their house a year sooner their murder, Manson mercilessly killed the innocent grocery-chain owner and his wife in attempt to visit more conflict to provoke his race war (Crime Museum). Both murders between Hinman and the LaBiancas were equally morbid, but the murder of Sharon Tate garnered the most attention.Actress Sharon Tate, pregnant with her baby, had had ex-fiance and eminence Jay Sebring and heiress Abigail Folger and her boyfriend Voytek Polanski over as guests the night she was murdered, all of which set down victim to the Manson Familys schemes as well. The murder was carried about by Watson, Atkins, Kasabian, and Krenwinkel under Mansons instruction. After investigating this crime scene, police found drugs which initially lead them to believe the Tate case had no connection with the other murders, but eventually discovered the truth with the help of Atkins cooperation (Peacock).Sociology has coined terms in order to help people look at a situation that involves others actions that they might have not otherwise understood. The sociological perspective views society in a scientific manner, which prompts people to look beyond what they might personally believe and know in order to explain why people are the way they are (Sociology 4), which leads to the sociological imagination which conveys the idea that when having a sociological perspective, a person is able to connect personally values to the world outside of them (Sociology 5). For example, looking from the outside, the Manson Familys actions were completely inexcusable, but reading into those actions, their beliefs reflected the pop culture of that time greatly. Mansons theory was named after a The Beatles song, who were incredibly famous at that time especially. Furthermore, like a large portion of the population, the Manson Family were under the influence of drug, which in fluenced their decisions and actions. The Manson Family are a counterculture not because they lived in an on the whole different culture than the domicile of the American population at that time, but because they took pop culture to an entirely new level.Ethnocentrism is a concept that has its negatives and its positives, and each culture fails victim to it, including the Manson Family. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one culture is superior to all others, or culture persuade (Sociology 35). The Manson Family had no regret for anyone else in the world but their own Family. They believed they could take over the world when it would be at its weakest. They killed people for their own gain. The Manson Family showed signs of ethnocentrism in their strongly loyalty and devotion to each other and their community, but finally their beliefs of superiority lead them to commit murder over and over again. pagan relativism is used in sociology in order to eliminate bias of ones own culture . Cultural relativism states that culture should be judged independently and apart from the standards of all other cultures (Sociology 36). For example, by applying cultural relativism to this situation, one can evaluate the culture of the Manson Family by labeling them as violent, savage people that have committed horrible crimes, however, when it their own norms and values are taken into consideration it might not expect so out of character. People all around the world since the arising of time have relied on religion, and they use that to make excuses for their behavior, which is generally socially acceptable. The Manson Family committed their crimes partly because they thought they were following their own beliefs. Some members of the Manson Family believed that Charles Manson was the Nazarene Christ, including himself (Peacock 78). When other factors that might not be so obvious are taken into consideration, the actions behind the motives may be emphasized with.The Manson Fa mily committed murder for their own selfish gain. The factors of sociological perspective, sociological imagination, ethnocentrism, and cultural relativism can be used in every direction possible, but their actions cannot be excused. Yes, they play their values and norms in a sense like any other culture that ever lived has done, but the degree the Manson Family took it to was unhealthy and unacceptable. The Family was misguided by their infatuation for their leader and, ignorantly unbeknownst to them, his manipulative ways. Charles Manson gathered his Family in order to carry out his theory of Helter Skelter by murdering people so he could take the reign of the world. The Manson Family will remain a counterculture with its negativity toward humankind.ReferencesCrime Museum. 2017. Web. 6 butt 2017.History. 2010. Web. 11 sue 2017.PBS. 2005. Web. 10 March 2017.Peacock, Nancy. Great Prosecutions. The Trial of the Manson Family. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. 73-81. Prin t.Sociology. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Cultural Diversity. Austin Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2003. 4-36. Print.University of Virginia Library. n.d. Web. 11 March 2017.Virginia. n.d. Web. 8 March 2017.

Non-pharmacological Nursing Interventions Literature Review

Non-pharmacological nurse Interventions Literature come off5 METHODOLOGYA literary works revaluation is defined as a critical analysis of a segment of a print dust of know directge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior look into studies, reviews of literature, and suppositional articles.In addition to that a literature review will be used for conducting the research. According to Fink (2010), literature review is an evaluative overlay that is a organisationatic, explicit and reproducible method acting for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of spotless and recorded work produced by researchers and scholars. In this literature review the principal(prenominal) focus was to search the existing literature on non-pharmacological treat interventions in order to be able to describe and analyze the similarities, differences, consistencies and inconsistencies and issues within the research payoff.5.1 inclusion body and exclusion criter iaInclusion criteria be characteristics that proposed subjects must possess in order to be integrated in the future ruminate. On the some other hand, Exclusion criteria are characteristics that help the researcher to eliminate subject from be integrated in the study. A clear comprehension of the inclusion and exclusion criteria ensures that the research yields accurate and genuine endings (Fink 2010). The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this literature review are described below in table 1.TABLE 1. Inclusion and Exclusion criteriaInclusion criteriaExclusion criteriaThe research focused on the non-pharmacological nursing interventions of geriatric clinical depressionThe articles which are non related to the research questions.Articles were moderate from 2005 to presentArticles were not related to the studies and carried out before 2005.The articles were in just text, abstract and within the keywordsThe articles without full text, abstract and within the keywordsLanguag es used were incline and Finnish.The articles which were not in English and Finnish.Evidence based research were used.Articles that were not related to nursing and were not scientific.4.3 Data collectionThe research articles for the literature review were limited to a age frame between 2006-2015. The data was gathered using unlike computerized databases practically(prenominal) as Ebrary, CINAHL, Ovid, SAGE atomic number 61 and Science Direct, to find scientific journals. Moreover web based publications such as WHO, kaypahoito and Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos were also used.In addition to that numerous articles were gathered from wholesome known scientific journals such as Journal of Advanced Nursing and Journal of Nursing Education. Keywords used in the search were focused on the research topic, they included Geriatric Depression, non-pharmacological interventions and Signs of geriatric depression. The key words and the time frame were combined in order to constrict the range of articles the materials obtained for this study were in both English and Finnish.4.4 Data analysisThe poised data will be analyzed through content analysis of the collected articles, journals and electronic web pages. All the collected data related to the topic will be divided into different gatherings to ask analysis easy.5 ETHICS AND RELIABILITYHigh ethics will be maintain throughout the research process. I will also consider a good scientific conduct to ensure that the research is ethically acceptable. The authors in the references will be respected and thus referred accurately. The research project is virtually finding out the hard-hittingness of non- pharmacological treatment methods when relationss with geriatric depression. I plan to follow the set thesis guidelines of Centria University of Applied Sciences magic spell carrying out my research. Reliability will be ensured by only referring to new-made research materials available c formerlyrning geriatric depression. The articles and other materials will be obtained from safe electronic sources and the schools library databases to ensure that valid results are obtained that can be used in the future.6 FINDINGS6.1 Non-pharmacological nursing interventions forcible ExerciseIn a study by Park, Han and Kang (2014), it was put in that constant go for fourth-year adults suffering from depression increased their hearty fulfil and change their self efficacy. Physical activities also had inverse relationship with depression among the aged(a). This meant that older adults eng maturement in somatic object lessons were demonstrate to have breakd mental and physical health. (Lee, Brar, rush and Jolley 2014.)Regular physical employs decrease depressive symptoms and anxiety associated with aging and other predisposing factors such as chronic ailments. In additional to that, older adults involved in physical activities ended up having some cocksure thoughts and opinions on their own aging process. (Park et al 2014.)As a result of physical exercise physical exhaustion was also highly reduced as a result of improve cardiovascular activity, immune system and the endocrine system. These also translated to reduction of depressive symptoms and an improvement in psychological salutary being. (Tsang, Fung, Chan, Lee, and Chan, 2006). In another study by Stanton and Reaburn (2014), it was confirmed that aerophilous and non aerobic exercises including outdoor walk of life and stationary cycles demo a reduction in depressive symptoms among the venerable. Exercises were conducted three times a week for a total duration of twelve weeks. (Stanton et al 2014.)Furthermore, regular physical activities among the hoary were found to improve their quality of relief. Poor stay quality and related sleep disturbances were attributed to in active lifestyles and repetitive daily routines, which further lead to cases of depression, anxiety, agitation, fatigue and daylight drows iness. In a related article by subgenus Cheng, Huan, Li and Chang (2014), found that older state who engaged in physical activities such as the senior elastic band exercise reported improved sleep quality and noteworthy decrease in depressive symptoms. In additional to that, Chen et al (2013) developed the wheelchair-bound senior elastic band (WSEB) exercise program, which grant the low-spirited older adults bound on wheel chairs an prospect to exercise too. (Chen et al 2013.)Cognitive ExerciseAccording to a study by Khatri, Blumenthal, Babyak and Krishman (2001), it was determined that physical exercise impacts corroboratory effects on the cognitive functioning among elderly people suffering from depression. The study was carried out on two different conventions of randomized participants medication group and the aerobic exercise group. All the groups underwent the tests for duration of four months. In the medication group they veritable antidepressants while the exercise group underwent aerobic training. In addition to depression cognitive functions were also assessed, for example memory, executive functioning, concentration and psychomotor speed. legal opinion tools used in the study included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Wechsler memory board Scale (WMS). It was established that participants in the exercise group exhibited greater improvements in both memory and executive functioning than those in the medication group. Furthermore, the exercise group also showed better improvements in the Wechsler Memory Scale optical reproduction delayed recall scores. However there were no significant differences in the verbal memory and concentration. (Khatri et al 2001.)Vasques, Moraes, Silveira, Deslandes and Laks (2011), found that despite physical exercise having significant effects on depression it also exhibited positivistic effect on the brain function. During their study neuropsychological tests were performed in the forms of mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Digit Span seek (DST)and the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCW) to assess the cognitive functions of their elderly participants suffering from major depressive disorder. After the participants walking on the treadmill for half an hour cognitive tests were performed before, during, after and 10-15 proceedings after the training session.Similar cognitive tests were also performed on the envision group but without exercise. There were no significant differences for both the see to it and the exercise group on the Digit Span Test. However in the Stroop Color-Word Test, the exercise group had improvements in their results when compared to the control group. The improvements were a clear character that physical exercise had a positive effect on the cognitive functions of the depressed participants. (Vasques et al 2011.)According to Nicholas et al (2006), nurses used Problem resolve therapy to help patients with depression to improve their cognitive functioning. Ind ividuals were assigned certain tasks to administer in the form of games which varied from cheap to hard. This helped the individuals to think in a structured way which in number improved their cognitive functioning. In additional to that it helped relieve depressive symptoms. (Nicholas et al 2006 Haggerty 2006.)Family TherapyIn another study by Tanner, Martinez and Harris (2014), to examine the functional and social determinants of depression on community inhabitation older adults it was concluded that support from family showed an improvement in general functions and a decrease in loneliness. In additional to that, family support satisfaction scale (FSSS) was used on the older adults to assess satisfaction with support received. The pecker consisted of 13 questions constructed to investigate the participants satisfaction with the family support they received from family members. The participants were expected to respond with either agreement or disagreement. It was found that those participants who had high support scores had decreased levels of depression.Loneliness was also identified as one of the main causes of depression in addition to other predisposing factors. erstwhile(a) adults who were satisfied with the family support they received confirmed that it helped them cope with depression as well as chronic illnesses. (Tanner et al 2014).Nurses were found to play a crucial role in helping elderly people dealing with depression developed as a result of social closing off or bereavement. It was discovered that leaving these psychosocial factors not dealt with it made it difficult to make a lasting or complete recovery. (Hughes 2005). Nurses were found to play an historic role in guiding, supporting and encouraging elderly people dealing with depression to keep contact with their family members. (Parello 2012.)According to a study by Merema (2014), it was found that older adults with good social communicate between them and their family members ha d high levels of self esteem and self worth. In additional to that they were less in all likelihood to attempt suicide when compared to their counterparts with little or no social network at all. euphony therapyAccording to a research carried out by Chan, Mok and Tse (2009), to determine the effects of medicinal drug on depression levels in elderly people. The study was conducted on 47 elderly people (23 using medicament and 24 controls), majority of who were 75 and above. It was pointed out that music exerts psycho-physiological responses through ascertain on the limbic system. The limbic system is involved in our feelings of entertainment and emotions such as fear, anger as well as motivations. consequently the limbic system is mostly affected by music beat as well as pitch and is also responsible for bear on the music stimuli. It was found that music expends its effects through entertaining the body rhythms. In this context entertainment can be described as a workency b y two bodies locking together and vibrating in harmony. When an elderly person is going through a depressive phase they tend to experience mixed feelings of discomfort or agitation which in turn disrupts their body rhythms. The Body rhythms is disrupted through change in breath, fall flow and heartbeat which further lead to changes in blood extort levels and oxygen saturation. (Chan et al 2009).The music interventions used included four different types of music which included western classical, western jazz, Chinese classical and Asian classical. Each type of music was played for a duration of 30-min once per week for a duration of four weeks. The participants listened to the music without any fundamental interaction with the therapist. At the end of the study the depression levels of the experimental group had significantly decreased from form mild depression to normal levels. On the impertinent there was no change in the depression levels for the control group within the fo ur weeks. (Chan et al 2009).Furthermore, the physiological measures monitored including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of the elderly in the experimental group had reduced significantly in comparison to those of the control group. The findings demonstrated the benefits music has on older people suffering from geriatric depression. Music had a soothing physiological and Psychological effect on the elderly suffering from geriatric depression. This also support that music has the capability of to discover with the listeners feelings. (Chan et al 2009).It was discovered that giving participants an opportunity to choose their music led to effective treatment. Chang, Wong and Thayala (2011), suggested that when the participants chose their own music it facilitated the entertainment process because the listener was in tune with their music of choice. The effects of music audience did not travel by after one or a few sessions. In perverse to that, significant decrease in depression levels were reached after the participants had music listening sessions for a few weeks. In additional to that it was found that different kinds of music had similar effects on depressive symptoms among the elderly depending on the listeners preference of music. (Chang et al. 2011).Music therapy was found to reduce irritability, agitation, and problem behaviors in people with geriatric depression. In additional to that it was also found that music therapy improves the sleep quality of people dealing with geriatric depression. (Rice et al 2010).Social activities sequence going through recent randomized trials it was found that social activities were effective interventions which improved depression outcomes among the elderly. (Merema 2014.) Social activities were provided in form of recreational group events such as day meetings, group outings and visits from family. These social activities generated social interaction and support among the elderly . (Hsu and Wright 2014).In additional to that it was found that through social activities the elderly were able to establish enduring relationships which in turn provided an effective method of reducing or limiting the severity of depression. It was also established that social activities improved the sleep quality and the cognitive functions of the elderly people. Social activities had a direct effect on the levels of loneliness faced by elderly people with depression. Furthermore it was discovered that depressed old adults felt much better when they were around other people. (Merema 2014.) Engagement in social activities was found to reduce cases of social isolation thus limiting worsening in the severity of depression. (Hsu et al 2014.)In a study by Hsu et al (2014), it was indicated that meaningful and enjoyable social activities lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms among institutionalized elderly living with depression. Social activities that were interesting to the elderl y dealing with depression showed a decrease in depressive symptoms. It was found that a vainglorious number participated in social activities in the institution due to the positive emotions they experienced or out of personal interest. (Merema 2014.) The reduction in depressive symptoms was as a result of the psychosocial mechanism which includes a positive feedback where there is an improved mood due to pleasant events. Surprisingly it was found that institutionalized depressed elders participated more in social group activities. The institutional environment offered them an opportunity to participate in activities that led to more positive mental carriage and a decrease in depressive symptoms. (Hsu et al 2014.)