Non-pharmacological Nursing Interventions Literature Review

Non-pharmacological nurse Interventions Literature come off5 METHODOLOGYA literary works revaluation is defined as a critical analysis of a segment of a print dust of know directge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior look into studies, reviews of literature, and suppositional articles.In addition to that a literature review will be used for conducting the research. According to Fink (2010), literature review is an evaluative overlay that is a organisationatic, explicit and reproducible method acting for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of spotless and recorded work produced by researchers and scholars. In this literature review the principal(prenominal) focus was to search the existing literature on non-pharmacological treat interventions in order to be able to describe and analyze the similarities, differences, consistencies and inconsistencies and issues within the research payoff.5.1 inclusion body and exclusion criter iaInclusion criteria be characteristics that proposed subjects must possess in order to be integrated in the future ruminate. On the some other hand, Exclusion criteria are characteristics that help the researcher to eliminate subject from be integrated in the study. A clear comprehension of the inclusion and exclusion criteria ensures that the research yields accurate and genuine endings (Fink 2010). The inclusion and exclusion criteria of this literature review are described below in table 1.TABLE 1. Inclusion and Exclusion criteriaInclusion criteriaExclusion criteriaThe research focused on the non-pharmacological nursing interventions of geriatric clinical depressionThe articles which are non related to the research questions.Articles were moderate from 2005 to presentArticles were not related to the studies and carried out before 2005.The articles were in just text, abstract and within the keywordsThe articles without full text, abstract and within the keywordsLanguag es used were incline and Finnish.The articles which were not in English and Finnish.Evidence based research were used.Articles that were not related to nursing and were not scientific.4.3 Data collectionThe research articles for the literature review were limited to a age frame between 2006-2015. The data was gathered using unlike computerized databases practically(prenominal) as Ebrary, CINAHL, Ovid, SAGE atomic number 61 and Science Direct, to find scientific journals. Moreover web based publications such as WHO, kaypahoito and Terveyden ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos were also used.In addition to that numerous articles were gathered from wholesome known scientific journals such as Journal of Advanced Nursing and Journal of Nursing Education. Keywords used in the search were focused on the research topic, they included Geriatric Depression, non-pharmacological interventions and Signs of geriatric depression. The key words and the time frame were combined in order to constrict the range of articles the materials obtained for this study were in both English and Finnish.4.4 Data analysisThe poised data will be analyzed through content analysis of the collected articles, journals and electronic web pages. All the collected data related to the topic will be divided into different gatherings to ask analysis easy.5 ETHICS AND RELIABILITYHigh ethics will be maintain throughout the research process. I will also consider a good scientific conduct to ensure that the research is ethically acceptable. The authors in the references will be respected and thus referred accurately. The research project is virtually finding out the hard-hittingness of non- pharmacological treatment methods when relationss with geriatric depression. I plan to follow the set thesis guidelines of Centria University of Applied Sciences magic spell carrying out my research. Reliability will be ensured by only referring to new-made research materials available c formerlyrning geriatric depression. The articles and other materials will be obtained from safe electronic sources and the schools library databases to ensure that valid results are obtained that can be used in the future.6 FINDINGS6.1 Non-pharmacological nursing interventions forcible ExerciseIn a study by Park, Han and Kang (2014), it was put in that constant go for fourth-year adults suffering from depression increased their hearty fulfil and change their self efficacy. Physical activities also had inverse relationship with depression among the aged(a). This meant that older adults eng maturement in somatic object lessons were demonstrate to have breakd mental and physical health. (Lee, Brar, rush and Jolley 2014.)Regular physical employs decrease depressive symptoms and anxiety associated with aging and other predisposing factors such as chronic ailments. In additional to that, older adults involved in physical activities ended up having some cocksure thoughts and opinions on their own aging process. (Park et al 2014.)As a result of physical exercise physical exhaustion was also highly reduced as a result of improve cardiovascular activity, immune system and the endocrine system. These also translated to reduction of depressive symptoms and an improvement in psychological salutary being. (Tsang, Fung, Chan, Lee, and Chan, 2006). In another study by Stanton and Reaburn (2014), it was confirmed that aerophilous and non aerobic exercises including outdoor walk of life and stationary cycles demo a reduction in depressive symptoms among the venerable. Exercises were conducted three times a week for a total duration of twelve weeks. (Stanton et al 2014.)Furthermore, regular physical activities among the hoary were found to improve their quality of relief. Poor stay quality and related sleep disturbances were attributed to in active lifestyles and repetitive daily routines, which further lead to cases of depression, anxiety, agitation, fatigue and daylight drows iness. In a related article by subgenus Cheng, Huan, Li and Chang (2014), found that older state who engaged in physical activities such as the senior elastic band exercise reported improved sleep quality and noteworthy decrease in depressive symptoms. In additional to that, Chen et al (2013) developed the wheelchair-bound senior elastic band (WSEB) exercise program, which grant the low-spirited older adults bound on wheel chairs an prospect to exercise too. (Chen et al 2013.)Cognitive ExerciseAccording to a study by Khatri, Blumenthal, Babyak and Krishman (2001), it was determined that physical exercise impacts corroboratory effects on the cognitive functioning among elderly people suffering from depression. The study was carried out on two different conventions of randomized participants medication group and the aerobic exercise group. All the groups underwent the tests for duration of four months. In the medication group they veritable antidepressants while the exercise group underwent aerobic training. In addition to depression cognitive functions were also assessed, for example memory, executive functioning, concentration and psychomotor speed. legal opinion tools used in the study included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Wechsler memory board Scale (WMS). It was established that participants in the exercise group exhibited greater improvements in both memory and executive functioning than those in the medication group. Furthermore, the exercise group also showed better improvements in the Wechsler Memory Scale optical reproduction delayed recall scores. However there were no significant differences in the verbal memory and concentration. (Khatri et al 2001.)Vasques, Moraes, Silveira, Deslandes and Laks (2011), found that despite physical exercise having significant effects on depression it also exhibited positivistic effect on the brain function. During their study neuropsychological tests were performed in the forms of mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Digit Span seek (DST)and the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCW) to assess the cognitive functions of their elderly participants suffering from major depressive disorder. After the participants walking on the treadmill for half an hour cognitive tests were performed before, during, after and 10-15 proceedings after the training session.Similar cognitive tests were also performed on the envision group but without exercise. There were no significant differences for both the see to it and the exercise group on the Digit Span Test. However in the Stroop Color-Word Test, the exercise group had improvements in their results when compared to the control group. The improvements were a clear character that physical exercise had a positive effect on the cognitive functions of the depressed participants. (Vasques et al 2011.)According to Nicholas et al (2006), nurses used Problem resolve therapy to help patients with depression to improve their cognitive functioning. Ind ividuals were assigned certain tasks to administer in the form of games which varied from cheap to hard. This helped the individuals to think in a structured way which in number improved their cognitive functioning. In additional to that it helped relieve depressive symptoms. (Nicholas et al 2006 Haggerty 2006.)Family TherapyIn another study by Tanner, Martinez and Harris (2014), to examine the functional and social determinants of depression on community inhabitation older adults it was concluded that support from family showed an improvement in general functions and a decrease in loneliness. In additional to that, family support satisfaction scale (FSSS) was used on the older adults to assess satisfaction with support received. The pecker consisted of 13 questions constructed to investigate the participants satisfaction with the family support they received from family members. The participants were expected to respond with either agreement or disagreement. It was found that those participants who had high support scores had decreased levels of depression.Loneliness was also identified as one of the main causes of depression in addition to other predisposing factors. erstwhile(a) adults who were satisfied with the family support they received confirmed that it helped them cope with depression as well as chronic illnesses. (Tanner et al 2014).Nurses were found to play a crucial role in helping elderly people dealing with depression developed as a result of social closing off or bereavement. It was discovered that leaving these psychosocial factors not dealt with it made it difficult to make a lasting or complete recovery. (Hughes 2005). Nurses were found to play an historic role in guiding, supporting and encouraging elderly people dealing with depression to keep contact with their family members. (Parello 2012.)According to a study by Merema (2014), it was found that older adults with good social communicate between them and their family members ha d high levels of self esteem and self worth. In additional to that they were less in all likelihood to attempt suicide when compared to their counterparts with little or no social network at all. euphony therapyAccording to a research carried out by Chan, Mok and Tse (2009), to determine the effects of medicinal drug on depression levels in elderly people. The study was conducted on 47 elderly people (23 using medicament and 24 controls), majority of who were 75 and above. It was pointed out that music exerts psycho-physiological responses through ascertain on the limbic system. The limbic system is involved in our feelings of entertainment and emotions such as fear, anger as well as motivations. consequently the limbic system is mostly affected by music beat as well as pitch and is also responsible for bear on the music stimuli. It was found that music expends its effects through entertaining the body rhythms. In this context entertainment can be described as a workency b y two bodies locking together and vibrating in harmony. When an elderly person is going through a depressive phase they tend to experience mixed feelings of discomfort or agitation which in turn disrupts their body rhythms. The Body rhythms is disrupted through change in breath, fall flow and heartbeat which further lead to changes in blood extort levels and oxygen saturation. (Chan et al 2009).The music interventions used included four different types of music which included western classical, western jazz, Chinese classical and Asian classical. Each type of music was played for a duration of 30-min once per week for a duration of four weeks. The participants listened to the music without any fundamental interaction with the therapist. At the end of the study the depression levels of the experimental group had significantly decreased from form mild depression to normal levels. On the impertinent there was no change in the depression levels for the control group within the fo ur weeks. (Chan et al 2009).Furthermore, the physiological measures monitored including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of the elderly in the experimental group had reduced significantly in comparison to those of the control group. The findings demonstrated the benefits music has on older people suffering from geriatric depression. Music had a soothing physiological and Psychological effect on the elderly suffering from geriatric depression. This also support that music has the capability of to discover with the listeners feelings. (Chan et al 2009).It was discovered that giving participants an opportunity to choose their music led to effective treatment. Chang, Wong and Thayala (2011), suggested that when the participants chose their own music it facilitated the entertainment process because the listener was in tune with their music of choice. The effects of music audience did not travel by after one or a few sessions. In perverse to that, significant decrease in depression levels were reached after the participants had music listening sessions for a few weeks. In additional to that it was found that different kinds of music had similar effects on depressive symptoms among the elderly depending on the listeners preference of music. (Chang et al. 2011).Music therapy was found to reduce irritability, agitation, and problem behaviors in people with geriatric depression. In additional to that it was also found that music therapy improves the sleep quality of people dealing with geriatric depression. (Rice et al 2010).Social activities sequence going through recent randomized trials it was found that social activities were effective interventions which improved depression outcomes among the elderly. (Merema 2014.) Social activities were provided in form of recreational group events such as day meetings, group outings and visits from family. These social activities generated social interaction and support among the elderly . (Hsu and Wright 2014).In additional to that it was found that through social activities the elderly were able to establish enduring relationships which in turn provided an effective method of reducing or limiting the severity of depression. It was also established that social activities improved the sleep quality and the cognitive functions of the elderly people. Social activities had a direct effect on the levels of loneliness faced by elderly people with depression. Furthermore it was discovered that depressed old adults felt much better when they were around other people. (Merema 2014.) Engagement in social activities was found to reduce cases of social isolation thus limiting worsening in the severity of depression. (Hsu et al 2014.)In a study by Hsu et al (2014), it was indicated that meaningful and enjoyable social activities lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms among institutionalized elderly living with depression. Social activities that were interesting to the elderl y dealing with depression showed a decrease in depressive symptoms. It was found that a vainglorious number participated in social activities in the institution due to the positive emotions they experienced or out of personal interest. (Merema 2014.) The reduction in depressive symptoms was as a result of the psychosocial mechanism which includes a positive feedback where there is an improved mood due to pleasant events. Surprisingly it was found that institutionalized depressed elders participated more in social group activities. The institutional environment offered them an opportunity to participate in activities that led to more positive mental carriage and a decrease in depressive symptoms. (Hsu et al 2014.)