At The Heart Of Kellman’S Argument, He Attributes Three

At the heart of Kellman’s argument, he attributes three responsibilities opening lines must undertake; the first being that it must be attention grabbing. All writers are taught or told this at one time or another. If the beginning of a text is not engaging, the reader will likely put it down. That is simple enough, but not quite adequate to give opening lines the power they hold. He states they must represent a corporation, which I interpret to mean they must embody the text as a unified whole. When applied to the opening of The Great Gatsby, this makes sense. Not only does the narrator, Nick Carraway, go against his father’s warnings of criticizing others, whenever describing other characters or situations, he only shows the world around†¦show more content†¦Examples of these texts which come to mind are most Shakespeare plays which set the stage for the audience to understand what they are about to see. Richardson then moves to Realism, in which stories are led by external narrators who attempt to tell the story without artistic language or omnipotent knowledge, a style which became popular in the late 19th century. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer employs this style with its no-nonsense beginning in which the title character is caught stealing jam by his aunt. He explains that modernist texts begin right in the middle of a seemingly nonchalant situation or activity. Jane Eyre starts this way with the statement â€Å"There was no possibility of taking a walk that day† (Brontà «). Finally, Richardson discusses postmodernism, whose texts often begin paradoxically (Richardson, 3-5). The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon comes to mind, which begins with long sentences which occasionally double back on one another with conflicting information. It is important to understand these types of opening lines when thinking about narrative beginnings because they are strategies still used by various writers today, and most likely well into the future. When studying these opening lines and how they work, a reader can get a sense of the rest of the beginning, and perhaps even the entire novel. Learning about opening lines is especially essential for writers so that they may understand

Accounting tax Calculating Capital Gains

Question: Discuss about the Accounting tax for Calculating Capital Gains. Answer The capital gain can be said as an increase in the amount of capital asset or investment that provides a higher value than the purchased price. The profit is not calculated until the asset is sold. The capital gain can be calculated by using one of the three methods as mentioned. Discount method is the first method which can be applied after 1 year before the commencement of the capital gain tax event. Method of indexation is the other process. The indexation method can be applied for calculating capital gain if a capital gain tax happened to an asset which was acquired before 11.45 am as per the legal time in the ACT, on 21st September. The asset should be owned for 12 months or more. The process of residual is the last and final method for calculating capital gain. The method can be used for any asset if it is kept for less than 12months. By following these three methods only, the estimation of capital gain tax can be done. There are some items which are excluded while calculating the profit and loss of capital gain assets. The things are: The properties which are brought before 20th September, 1985 are to be excluded from profit acquired by selling of capital assets and the assets are- automobiles, amount spent on repairing harms, family land selling and any articles which he has bought for 500 dollars or less than that Set off and carrying onwards of harms which are acquired from capital gain Long term capital loss- the loss can be found against long term capital gains. For this objective, any other set off cannot be used. It can be taken forward for many years. Only against the long term capital loss it can be applied. Short term capital loss- this method can be used on the long term capital loss or in the same short term capital loss. It can be often used for many assessment years in future. It can be applicable for both the short term gain and long term gain. (A)The question provides information about a man, Mr. Dave Solomon. This man has been living there for more than 30 years in a two floor building. For 70, 000 dollars he bought the building. The building was sold by him at about 8, 50, 000 dollars in the same year on 27th June. The house was actually sold at an auction. The buyer at first gave an advance amount of 85, 000 dollars for buying the house. Later on, when he purchased the house, he came to realize that he has lost all his savings and then he denied to purchase the building. Hence, the amount taken is considered as secured money for that building. So, it can be observed that the amount which he got is referred to as income generated from different sources. Calculation of capital gain determination of capital gain amount of selling the house 8, 65, 000 dollars this amount has been excluded as seen from the definition of the CST I.E Family home exemptions Calculated Long Term Caital Gain Nil (B) A picture of pro- Hart was bought at an amount of 15,000 dollars on 20th September, 1985. The same piece of portrait was given for sale for about 1, 25, 000 dollars. So, the capital gain can be calculated as: Price of selling 1, 25, 000 dollars Deduced value: recorded cost of purchase 15,000*123.4/71.3 25,961 dollars EstimatedLong Term Capital Gain 150,961 dollars (C) An expensive motor car was bought with an amount of 1, 10, 000 dollars in the late 2004. In the same current year, the car was purchased by a local boat broker at an amount of 60, 000 dollars on 1st June. Hence, for this case the capital gain can be calculated as: Selling price 60, 000 dollars Deduced amount: recorded cost of purchase 1, 10, 000 dollars Calculated Long Term Capital Loss 50,000 dollars (D) A parcel of shares was sold by him to a newly formed mining organization foe the cost of about 80, 000 dollars, on 5th June of the same financial year. He bought those shares at an amount of 75, 000 dollars on 10th January on the same year. He has to give interest on the loan of amount 5, 000 dollars. He gave 750 dollars as the brokerage amount for purchasing these shares and he paid 250 dollars as stamp duty fees for purchasing the shares. As illustrated in the income tax law, giving interest on the amount of loan is not taken under as part of the acquisition. So, the interest on the amount of loan has not been involved. Part- A So, capital gain for this case is: Sale operation amounts 80, 000 dollars Deducted: Brokerage amount 750 dollars Deducted: Prices of acquisition 250 dollars Deducted: Stamp duty fees 250 dollars Calculated Short Term Capital Loss 4,000 dollars So, capital gain calculated for the following year is: By selling the residential land, the long term capital gain found to be as NIL dollars The long term capital gain calculated by selling of the portrait is 1, 50, 000 dollars The long term capital gain estimated by selling it to Boat is 50, 000 dollars Short term capital gain calculated by selling all shares is 4, 000 dollars CalculatedLong Term Capital Gain 1, 04, 961 dollars At the last of the year, which is 30th June of the earlier year, the tax return value for Mr. Dave gives that 10, 000 dollars were his total capital loss after selling all the shares. So, it can be added to the years long term capital gain. So, for the following year average long term capital gain can be calculated as 1, 04, 961 dollars 10, 000 dollars= 94, 961 dollars Part- B The net capital gain is a total gain of a year, excluding total capital loss and any capital gain tax discount. Capital gain tax is covered under an assessable income of an assess and the profit which he got be selling of the capital assets he should pay the tax in that year only. So, it was observed that Mr. Dave gained profits. He had to maintain documents of all the transactions and expenses he had made. All the costs like interest on loans, litigation fees and brokerage fees are to be maintained. Part- C The total capital loss, including loss of previous year minus total capital gains. No time limit is there for taking it onward the net capital loss. In this case, if Dave does not have any positive capital gain then he will have to sell his assets or take loan for paying his personal superannuation funds. He will have to bought a residence in city on rent and have to eliminate tax- free money from his own superannuation fund, when he will attain 60 years of age in next year August. First part A bathtub producing company, named as Periwinke Pty. Ltd. is also involved in selling the bathtubs. His company gave Emma a car on 1st May, 2005 as because her work is more laborious and she had to travel everywhere. The car can be used for personal purposes also. For months, 1st May 2015 to 31st March, 2016 she utilized her car for covering distance of 10, 000 kilometers. She gave 550 dollars for repairing. The car was placed at the airport for about ten days. The car remained untouched for about 5 days. Company provided 5, 00, 000 dollars loan to Emma on 1st September with an interest rate of 4.45%. with that money she purchased a holiday home worth 4, 50, 000 dollars and rest of the amount she gave to her husband for his use. So, it can be said that, Emma bought the bathtub at 13, 000 dollars which was sold to general public at 2600 dollars. Fringe benefit tax- This tax is paid by employers on the benefits they provide to their employees which includes benefits to their family members nad salary packages. It is entirely different from the income tax. Some things are excluded in this tax rule which are- Loans Monet spent on work Car profit provided by company Housing allowance Fringe benefit tax are associated to loans, costs, transportation costs and others. The car if provided to an employee for about less than three months, the fringe benefit tax cannot be determined. Emma is also bound to pay the taxes. The car is assumed to be in use if not found in the employees house. Fringe benefit tax can be estimated by using two ways- Cost basis method Statutory formula application As per the question, Common value of the car 33, 000 dollars Number of days the car gave the tax= 335- 5= 3 dollars Taxable value $33000*20%*330/365 5,967 dollars Less amount acquired by Emma 550 dollars FRINGE BENEFIT TAX 5,417 dollars Treatment Of Loan Provided By Employer to Employee at a Lower Rate of interest The fringe benefit taxes will only be applicable if the organization will be providing the employee loan at small interest rate. If the employee gets loan at a very low interest rate or at a value which is lower than benchmark then, in that case the fringe benefit tax can be calculated as: The benchmark rate of interest is found to be 5.95% but the organization gave the loan at an interest of about 4.45%. So, fringe benefit tax is estimated as: 5,00,000* 1.50% = $7,500 As seen Emma used her some amount of money in purchasing home and remaining was given to her husband. Emma obtained 4, 50, 000 dollars for doing works related to house and so, the taxable value comes to the same as 7, 500 dollars. Part- B Later, if Emma utilizes her whole money in doing her personal works. She spends it on purchasing property with an amount of 4, 50, 000 dollars and buying the shares at 50, 000 dollars. Fringe benefit tax is found to be: 1. The taxable data of the fringe loan profit without the other deducted value $7,5005,00,000*1.50% 2. Assume that the loan was interest-free and neglect any interest charged $29,750$5,00,000*5.95% 3. Now when the employee paid same amount of taxable value as that of given interest$ 29,750*10/100 $2,975 4. Now look at the main situation if employee is being asked forcibly to pay interest on loan$5,00,000*4.45%*10% of $2,225 5. Subtract iii-iv $2,975-$2,225 = $750 6. Taxable value i-v 7500-750 $6,750 Debt waiver fringe benefit As seen from the case provided, Emma purchased a bathtub at a cost of about 1, 300 dollars which was to be sold to other publics at 2, 600 dollars. So, as calculated the differing value is- 2600 dollars- 1300 dollars= 1300 dollars. 1300 dollars is the fringe benefit liability. References Athanasiou, A., 2015. Acounting for tax: To deal or not to deal at arm's length. Calculating and paying capital gains tax. [online] Help and guidance. Available at: https://learn.nab.com.au/calculating-and-paying-capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Calculating Capital Gains Tax - the basics for Australian investors | deListed Australia. [online] Delisted.com.au. Available at: https://www.delisted.com.au/capital-gains-tax/basics [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Capital gains tax | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 May 2016].Capital gains tax. [Canberra]: Australian Taxation Office. Dixon, J.M. and Nassios, J., 2016. Modelling the Impacts of a Cut to Company Tax in Australia (No. g-260). Victoria University, Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre.Emery, J. (2016). Decoding the Regulatory Enigma: How Australian Regulators Should Respond to the Tax Challenges Presented by Bitcoin. Tax and Transfer Policy Institute Working Paper-1/2016. Geljic, S., Koustas, H. and Burke, D., 2016. Small business restructure roll-over. Taxation in Australia, 50(7), p.404.Global Property Guide. 2016. Australia capital gains tax rates, and property income tax. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Taxes-and-Costs. [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Hulse, K. and Burke, T., 2015. Private rental housing in Australia: Political inertia and market change. Housing in 21st-Century Australia: People, Practices and Policies, p.139. J., 2011. Tax for Australians for dummies. Richmond, Vic.: John Wiley Sons Australia Jin, L., n.d.Capital Gain Tax Overhang and Price Pressure. SSRN Electronic Journal. McClure, R., Lanis, R. and Govendir, B., 2016. Analysis of Tax Avoidance Strategies of Top Foreign Multinationals Operating in Australia: An Expose. T., J., 1959. Capital Gain. Science, 129(3363), pp.1583-1583. The taxation of capital gains . 2016. The taxation of capital gains . [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.taxpayer.com.au/KnowledgeBase/10080/Individuals-Tax-Super/Capital_gains. [Accessed 19 May 2016]

Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System

Table of Contents Introduction Juvenile justice system Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The human civilization has from ancient times acknowledged the fact that the children are the future of the present civilization. Our modern era also believes in this ideology. This being the case, our society has always strived to ensure that children and the youth are given the best opportunity to excel.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, despite all the good intention of the society, there are still a number of children and youth who continue to be on the wrong side of the law. Cole and Smith note that this increase in juvenile deliquescence is as a result of social, economic and other factors prevalent in this era (13). Policy makes have taken care to ensure that these troubled children are not left behind in the quest for a brighter future for all the children. Measures have been taken to ensure that the troubled children who are charged with offences are afforded a chance to rectify their mistakes and become respectable citizens through rehabilitation programs. This has been through the implementation of juvenile justice systems which have been characterized by their correctional as opposed to punishment role. Despite the presence of a functional juvenile justice system in the country, there has been a marked increase in crime rates among children and youths. As a result of this rising rates of crime amongst youths, policy makers have pushed for the increased transfer of juvenile offenders to criminal courts for adult prosecution. This is a move that is hailed by some as being the best manner to reduce juvenile crimes and therefore safeguard the society’s peace. However, there are opponents to these waivers who suggest that such moves result in the reduction in chances of rehabilitation for the juvenile offenders. This paper argues that juveniles should not be waived to adult courts unless they commit heinous crimes such as murder. To reinforce this assertion, this study will perform a critical analysis of the various arguments presented both for and against transferring juveniles to adult courts. A brief overview of the juvenile court system will also be offered to act as a background for the paper. Juvenile justice system The Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century led to a mushrooming of urban settlements and the number of children living in cities rapidly increased (Sims and Preston 46). Juvenile delinquency became an issue in many cities and the welfare of the urban children became a primary concern. The introduction of a separate system of justice for children borrowed heavily from the ideas proposed by the 18th Century English lawyer, William Blackstone (Yeckel 331).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Blackstone aimed at categorizing people based on their ages and thus drawing a line between the age where one could be held accountable for their actions and an age where one was absolved from any crime committed. To a large extent, the earlier advocates of juvenile systems considered themselves to be on a humanitarian mission championing the rights of the children. The major difference between the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system was that juvenile courts aimed to rehabilitate rather than punish. Core to the courts principles was the mission to help troubled children. This benevolent nature of the system led to an informal and non adversarial approach that was not entangled in the procedural rules and formalities that characterized the criminal court systems. Sim and Preston assert that this open nature was all in line with the ultimate goal of the courts which was to guide the young offender towards life as a res ponsible and law-abiding adult (48). The lack of well defined procedures meant that the juvenile court could take extra-legal factors in deciding on how to handle a case. The primary argument by the proponents of automatic judicial waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction is as a result of the increased juvenile crime and violence. While it is true that juvenile crimes are markedly higher that they were in the previous decades, the same can be said about adult crimes. Allard and Young assert that there is no evidence that young people have become disproportionately more crime prone or dangerous at that than the rest of the population (8). Arguably, the alleged increase in juvenile crime is simply a function of population growth which is not only natural but to be expected. Allard and Young go on to demonstrate that the juvenile arrests for serious violent crimes have remained fairly average over the last 30 years (7). The underlying philosophy behind transferring juveniles to the crimi nal justice system is that more severe punishment even if at the expense of rehabilitation will result in reduced crime rates and therefore increase the public safety. However, studies indicate that juvenile offenders in the adult system are more likely to re-offend or commit more serious subsequent offenses than those who remain in the juvenile system (Allard Young 4). Youths and young offenders should not be prosecuted through the criminal justice system unless they commit major crimes such as murder. Instead they should be prosecuted through the juvenile justice system.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is attributed to the fact that juvenile courts are predisposed to have the best interest of the children or youths in consideration and offer some form of defense and rehabilitation for the children in juvenile facilities . As such, the underlying goal of the juvenile system is to guide the young offender towards life as a responsible and law-abiding adult (Sim and Preston 56). The arguments on juveniles raised by policy markers in the late 1800s resulted in a consensus that juveniles were developmentally inferior compared to adults and as such, juveniles would no longer be held criminally responsible for their actions (Feld 19; Bakken 14). However, while this attribute of benevolence is hailed by many proponents of the juvenile system, these benign actions have resulted in the lack of accountability for their actions by the youths. Waivers can offset this condition since as Feld comments: The rehabilitative ideal has minimized the significance of the offenses as a dispositional criterion. The emphasis on the â€Å"best interests of the child† has weakened the connection between what a person does and the consequences of that act on the theory that the act is at best only symptomatic of real n eeds. (Bakken 13). This argument suggests that the treatment of youths in the juvenile system does not lead to the offender feeling accountable for his/her crimes therefore resulting in a lack of liability. This is as opposed to the adult system in which one is held accountable for their crimes and made to pay for them to the maximum extent permissible by the law. In addition, proponents of the waiver to prosecute the youth in the criminal justice system assert that one of the goals for transferring juvenile offenders to the adult criminal courts is to deter them from taking part in criminal activities in future. However, a research carried out by Donna Bishop in 1996 to highlight the differences in outcomes of juvenile courts compared to the criminal courts on youths showed that juvenile offenders who were transferred to the adult courts received more severe sentences than their counterparts in the juvenile system. In addition to this, the findings showed that the transferred youth had higher re-arrest rates (54%) compared with 32% for the youths dealt with by the juvenile courts ( Rosenheim 87).Advertising Looking for term paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In light of such findings, advocates of the juvenile court systems argue that the taking up of waiving as a means to reduce future crimes is a faulty policy. While the juvenile system may not be flawless, these findings demonstrate that the system has not altogether failed and should therefore be experimented with further. To further reinforce this argument, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro use Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to explain why individuals commit crimes (150). In this theory, Freud believes that all humans have underlying desires. As such, it is only through socialization that these urges can be controlled. Therefore, a person with poor social skills develops a personality disorder which forces him/her to exhibit antisocial tendencies. Those that bring out these tendencies become criminals while those who suppress them become neurotics. This theory is therefore a proponent to the fact that criminals are social misfits trying to compensate for their weaknesses. B earing this in mind, taking young offenders through the criminal justice system does not help them change but instead, makes them more antisocial thereby increasing their chances of committing more serious offences. As Fisher reiterates, the acts of violence exhibited by youths and young offenders are triggered by their need to empower themselves in a society that constantly undermines them (109). Therefore, the solution should not be prosecuting them but rather, to find solutions to factors that lead them into committing crime. To further support his argument as a proponent of youth prosecutions in the criminal justice system, Bakken states that juveniles are capable of hideous crimes as was demonstrated in the Kent v. United States case. A 16 year old, Morris A. Kent was charged with breaking into a woman’s apartment, robbing her and raping her (6). The juvenile court system is evidently not equipped to deal with such kind of violent crimes as its sentencing does not includ e life imprisonment or even the death penalty. Bakken acknowledges that it is cases such as this that make juvenile transfer not only desirable but necessary so as to enable the offender to be tried on criminal charges (7). The waiving system presents a mode through which these malicious offenders can be kept away from the society therefore preserving social harmony. Without waivers, crimes such as those committed by Kent would only be punished marginally and the offender would be free to rejoin the society after only a few years of incarceration. However, Watt, Howells and Delfabbro disagree with this argument by using the interactionist theory of crime causation which asserts that an individual’s interaction with criminals may psychologically influence him/her to commit crime (147). The theory proposes that the chances of an individual committing crime as a result of peer pressure are significantly high. According to Fisher, constant interactions with criminals play a centr al role in the development of criminal behaviors (105). The author states that from these associations, individuals are influenced into committing crime and becoming notorious criminals. This theory proposes that a petty offender can become a hardcore criminal through the association with criminals. It assumes that from such interactions, an individual learns how to think, act and react to different situations like a criminal. As such, imprisoning young offenders may invariably make them worse than they were before getting into the system. To this regard, Watt Howells Delfabbro propose a more positive approach whereby young petty offenders are enrolled in the juvenile justice system where there are positive reinforcement programs that may help them change their behaviors (143). However, Gaines and Miller argue that criminal convictions carry with them a certain stigma as a person is marked as a felon for the rest of their lives (62). The authors suggest that this â€Å"stigmatizat ion† by the society is in fact healthy as it also adds to the deterrence factor since people do not want to be viewed as social misfits. The juvenile court system is structured in such a way that these long-term consequences to the offender are not present. In as much as this statement holds true, adult conviction also results in some socioeconomic consequences such as the person being compelled to report their conviction on job application or being barred from particular types of jobs. These factors have serious psychological effects on an individual. For example, no matter how much an individual is trying to change his/her ways, the criminal records and the social limitations associated with them will never go away. As such, these realities often foster feelings of frustration and other antisocial tendencies. These are key factors that may lead an individual into causing crime as a means of acting-out. These bleak realities further support the statement that youth offenders should not be go through the criminal justice system and that other alternatives should be found. The rationale behind the establishment of the juvenile system was to protect the interests of the children who were deemed as being less liable than adults since they were morally and emotionally less developed (Rosenheim 91). This almost paternal view is the main difference between juvenile courts and criminal courts whereby the juvenile courts emphasis on the â€Å"best interests† of the violators. By indiscriminately waiving juvenile offenders to the adult court system, the criminal justice system will have failed in its initial goal which was to protect the interest of young offenders and hopefully rehabilitate them into useful members of the society. However, it can be argued that the juvenile system was established in an era when the capability and emotional intelligence of the youth developed at a fairly slower pace. In the modern era, children are exposed to all kinds of information which result in greater understanding. As such, the laws should be amended to accommodate these new realities. Conclusion This study set out to argue that juveniles should not be waived to adult courts. To underscore this point, the paper has performed a brief overview of the juvenile system in America as well as an in-depth analysis of the arguments forwarded both for and against waivers. However, this paper has clearly demonstrated that there are other means through with juvenile criminality can be tackled. Considering the risk that waivers could results in the conversion of juvenile offenders into hardcore criminals, the evidence in this paper suggests that more intervention-based measures should be implemented to ensure that young offenders do not get into the criminal justice system unless they commit heinous crimes. Works Cited Allard, Patricia and Malcolm Young. Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court: Perspectives for Policymakers and Practitioners, 2002. Web. http: //www.njjn.org/ Bakken, Nicholas. (2007). You do the Crime, You do the Time: A Socio-Legal History of the Juvenile Court and Transfer Waivers, 2002. Web. Burrow, John. (2005). Punishing Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Case Study of Michigan’s Prosecutorial Waiver Status, 2002. Web. https://jjlp.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/vol-9-no-1/01_Burrow.pdf Cole, George and Cristopher Smith. The American System of Criminal Justice. New York : Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Fisher, Bonnie. â€Å"Crime Prevention.† Journal of Security Education 2.1 (2006): 103 – 111. Print. Gaines, Larry and Roger Miller. Criminal Justice in Action. New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Rosenheim, Margaret. A Century of Juvenile Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Print. Sims, Barbara and Pamela Preston. Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice. California: CRC Press, 2006. Print. Watt, Bruce, Kevin Howells and Paul Delfabbro. (2004). â€Å"Juvenile Recidivism: Crimi nal Propensity, Social Control and Social Learning Theories.† Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 11.1 (2004): 141 – 153. Print. Yeckel, Josef. â€Å"Violent Juvenile Offenders: Rethinking Federal Intervention in Juvenile Justice.† Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 51 (1997): 331. Print. This term paper on Young offenders and the Criminal Justice System was written and submitted by user Akem1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships Commensalism is a type of relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it. A commensal species benefits from another species by obtaining locomotion, shelter, food, or support from the host species, which (for the most part) neither benefits nor is harmed. Commensalism ranges from brief interactions between species to life-long symbiosis. Commensalism Definition The term was coined in 1876 by Belgian paleontologist and zoologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden, along with the term mutualism. Beneden initially applied the word to describe the activity of carcass-eating animals that followed predators to eat their waste food. The word commensalism comes from the Latin word commensalis, which means sharing a table. Commensalism is most often discussed in the fields of ecology and biology, although the term extends to other sciences. Terms Related to Commensalism Commensalism is often confused with related words: Mutualism - Mutualism is a  relationship in which two organisms benefit from each other. Amensalism - A relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other is not affected. Parasitism - A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Theres often debate about whether a particular relationship is an example of commensalism or another type of interaction. For example, some scientists consider the relationship between people and gut bacteria to be an example of commensalism, while others believe it is mutualistic because humans may gain a benefit from the relationship. Examples of Commensalism Remora fish have a disk on their heads that makes them able to attach to larger animals, such as sharks, mantas, and whales. When the larger animal feeds, the remora detaches itself to eat the extra food.Nurse plants are larger plants that offer protection to seedlings from the weather and herbivores, giving them an opportunity to grow.Tree frogs use plants as protection.Golden jackals, once they have been expelled from a pack, will trail a tiger to feed on the remains of its kills.Goby fish live on other sea animals, changing color to blend in with the host, thus gaining protection from predators.Cattle egrets eat the insects stirred up by cattle when they are grazing. The cattle are unaffected, while the birds gain food.The burdock plant produces spiny seeds that cling to the fur of animals or clothing of humans. The plants rely on this method of seed dispersal for reproduction, while the animals are unaffected. Types of Commensalism (With Examples) Inquilinism - In inquilinism, one organism uses another for permanent housing. An example is a bird that lives in a tree hole. Sometimes epiphytic plants growing on trees are considered iniquilism, while others might consider this to be a parasitic relationship because the epiphyte might weaken the tree or take nutrients that would otherwise go to the host. Metabiosis - Metabiosis is a commensalistic relationship in which one organism forms a habitat for another. An example is a hermit crab, which uses a shell from a dead gastropod for protection. Another example would be maggots living on a dead organism. Phoresy - In phoresy, one animal attaches to another for transport. This type of commensalism is most often seen in arthropods, such as mites living on insects. Other examples include anemone attachment to hermit crab shells, pseudoscorpions living on mammals, and millipedes traveling on birds. Phoresy may be either obligate or facultative. Microbiota - Microbiota are commensal organisms that form communities within a host organism. An example is the bacterial flora found on human skin. Scientists disagree on whether microbiota is truly a type of commensalism. In the case of skin flora, for example, there is evidence the bacteria confer some protection on the host (which would be mutualism). Domesticated Animals and Commensalism Domestic dogs, cats, and other animals appear to have started out with commensal relationships with humans. In the case of the dog, DNA evidence indicates dogs associated themselves with people before humans switched from hunting-gathering to agriculture. Its believed the ancestors of dogs followed hunters to eat remains of carcasses. Over time, the relationship became mutualistic, where humans also benefited from the relationship, gaining defense from other predators and assistance tracking and killing prey. As the relationship changed, so did the characteristics of dogs. Reference:  Larson G (2012). Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109: 8878–83.

Muslim Women in Medieval Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Muslim Women in Medieval Spain - Essay Example wholly foreign race professing a strongly hostile religion took over the country, a totally alien language became the official tongue, a completely novel culture was imposed on the population. Entire sections of the peasantry and the urban à ©lite deserted their Catholic faith and embraced Islam. By the tenth century the territory called Al-Andalus was a country with a solid Muslim majority, and had become the single most powerful and civilized state in western Europe. The Moorish state was never so integrated or unified that it crushed out the cultures that had preceded it (Collins 43). None the less, Islamic culture itself became so imbedded in the Hispanic mentality that it ceased to be alien and became an ineffaceable and authentic part of peninsular history. In Medieval Spain women obtained an important role and had more rights and freedoms in contrast to Christian women and their position in society. In Medieval Spain, the subjected Christian population was usually treated with the limited religious tolerance customary to Islam. Occasional persecution was matched by outbreaks of religious zeal on the part of the conquered. Those who held fast to their faith were called Mozarabs, Christian in belief but Arabized in culture and language. Their numbers, however, shrank, and their faith itself became diluted with novel beliefs and heresies. Many were attracted by the higher quality of Islamic culture. The principal episcopal see, Toledo, once the Visigothic capital, found itself isolated as the sees of the Christian north freed themselves from its jurisdiction. Despite these drawbacks, Mozarabism remained a vitally important phenomenon (Carr 64). It represented a profound dialogue between Muslim and Christian civilization, and retained enough of an identity to prepare the way for an eventual re, conversion of the lands which the Muslims had made their own. Dillard (1993): â€Å"The settlement charters, drawn up by king or count to attract settlers who would defend

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate - Case Study Example Zillow has 2.3% market shares with 4 million visitors per month. It uses Web 2.0 business model of Google and Network Television. Zillow makes money by the way of selling eyeballs and not by selling homes to buyers. On July 18th, 2006, Zillow landed a big deal with Yahoo to serve as a data point on Yahoo's real estate and search sites.[www.crunchbase.com] Moreover, Legg Mason Capital Management has invested $30 Millions in Zillow.com towards expansion of staff of 155 employees which includes 20 person national advertising sales team. In addition to Legg Mason, other institutions that have invested in Zillow.com are put down in the following table. From the above table it is evident that the corporate companies at a huge level are continuously funded Zillow.com. Zillow has stated that it is a media company and generates revenue from online advertising; however, it also holds real estate brokerage licenses in certain states. With such huge amount of funding, zillow has launched new features like Neighbourhood's, Discussions, and Personalized Home Page to foster social network to catch up with Trulia. It is evident from the above data that most of the online realtors are established much before than Zillow. Founded in 1973, Zillow gives a stiff competition to Realtor.com, whereas others are marginal ahead or behind. Just within a span of year, Zillow has been ranked 669th website most visited by the US citizens. Whereas, RE/MAX which has been founded much before Zillow is lagging behind at 740th whereas Trulia which started in 2005 is ranked at 1,160. Zillow captures eyeballs through advertisements for its earnings, which has made it successful in just 18 months from its launching period, has got 4.4 million unique users in the country, by August 2007. [http://moneycentral.msn.com] Zillow competes with Trulia, HomeGain, HouseValues, PropertyShark.com, RealEstate.com, Redfin, and others. It can be said that Zillow is facing competition from Google too. Because Google has the best keyword search, while latter has home search. Google is looking to solve the problems of local search, vertical search and personalized search. Zillow is the answer to local search, vertical search and personalized search. Real estate agents, who are concerned that their role may be diminished as more people rely on Zillow, statethat the site does not give an accurate reflection and that other factors must be taken into consideration in buying or selling a home. Realtors with specific market knowledge are more likely to know specific factors affecting the sale of a home such as the overall condition of the home, domestic issues such as divorce, job transfer pressures. Consumers have continued to rapidly change their behavior in the last 5

World Civilizations Essay Example for Free

World Civilizations Essay Alexander the Great. What types of qualities come to mind when you hear that name? An idealistic king? A brutal ant agonizer? Whichever trait you choose to describe Alexander the Great, one thing is for sure: he is one of the most perplexing great figure in out time. Alexander III of Macedon, more commonly referred to as Alexander the Great, was born in Pella, in July 356 B.C.E. At the age of 20 he became the king of Macedonia when his father, Phillip II of Macedon, was assassinated in 336 B. C. Among inheriting a strong kingdom and experienced army from his father, he was also awarded the generalship of Greece. But what was really important to Alexander was pursuing his fathers dream; the invasion of the Persian Empire. In 334 B.C.E., outfitted with an army of 37,000 men, he invaded the Persian-ruled Asia Minor, thus beginning a series of campaigns lasting ten years. Although Alexanders first confrontation with the Persians almost cost him his life, he pulled out with a victory and by the following spring, the entire western half of the Asia Minor was in his control. By breaking down the power of Persia into a series of crucial battles such as the battles of Gaugamela and Issus, he then overthrew the Persian King Darius III and eventually conquered the rest of the Persian Empire. While founding the first of many cities, such as Alexandria, remaining Egypt’s and the Mediterranean world’s most important city, he was also named pharaoh of Egypt itself. With his army demanding to turn back while marching east to conquer India, Alexander reluctantly turns around, leads them across southern Persia, only to have thousands of men succumb to death from the heat and dehydration. After arriving in Babylon with his remaining troops, Alexander continued planning more campaigns but exhausted from his wounds, fever and possibly excessive alcohol consumption died in 323 B.C.E. Alexander was made legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles and is prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures. REFERENCES: â€Å"Alexander the Great† (356-323 B.C.), Wikipedia