Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships Commensalism is a type of relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it. A commensal species benefits from another species by obtaining locomotion, shelter, food, or support from the host species, which (for the most part) neither benefits nor is harmed. Commensalism ranges from brief interactions between species to life-long symbiosis. Commensalism Definition The term was coined in 1876 by Belgian paleontologist and zoologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden, along with the term mutualism. Beneden initially applied the word to describe the activity of carcass-eating animals that followed predators to eat their waste food. The word commensalism comes from the Latin word commensalis, which means sharing a table. Commensalism is most often discussed in the fields of ecology and biology, although the term extends to other sciences. Terms Related to Commensalism Commensalism is often confused with related words: Mutualism - Mutualism is a  relationship in which two organisms benefit from each other. Amensalism - A relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other is not affected. Parasitism - A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Theres often debate about whether a particular relationship is an example of commensalism or another type of interaction. For example, some scientists consider the relationship between people and gut bacteria to be an example of commensalism, while others believe it is mutualistic because humans may gain a benefit from the relationship. Examples of Commensalism Remora fish have a disk on their heads that makes them able to attach to larger animals, such as sharks, mantas, and whales. When the larger animal feeds, the remora detaches itself to eat the extra food.Nurse plants are larger plants that offer protection to seedlings from the weather and herbivores, giving them an opportunity to grow.Tree frogs use plants as protection.Golden jackals, once they have been expelled from a pack, will trail a tiger to feed on the remains of its kills.Goby fish live on other sea animals, changing color to blend in with the host, thus gaining protection from predators.Cattle egrets eat the insects stirred up by cattle when they are grazing. The cattle are unaffected, while the birds gain food.The burdock plant produces spiny seeds that cling to the fur of animals or clothing of humans. The plants rely on this method of seed dispersal for reproduction, while the animals are unaffected. Types of Commensalism (With Examples) Inquilinism - In inquilinism, one organism uses another for permanent housing. An example is a bird that lives in a tree hole. Sometimes epiphytic plants growing on trees are considered iniquilism, while others might consider this to be a parasitic relationship because the epiphyte might weaken the tree or take nutrients that would otherwise go to the host. Metabiosis - Metabiosis is a commensalistic relationship in which one organism forms a habitat for another. An example is a hermit crab, which uses a shell from a dead gastropod for protection. Another example would be maggots living on a dead organism. Phoresy - In phoresy, one animal attaches to another for transport. This type of commensalism is most often seen in arthropods, such as mites living on insects. Other examples include anemone attachment to hermit crab shells, pseudoscorpions living on mammals, and millipedes traveling on birds. Phoresy may be either obligate or facultative. Microbiota - Microbiota are commensal organisms that form communities within a host organism. An example is the bacterial flora found on human skin. Scientists disagree on whether microbiota is truly a type of commensalism. In the case of skin flora, for example, there is evidence the bacteria confer some protection on the host (which would be mutualism). Domesticated Animals and Commensalism Domestic dogs, cats, and other animals appear to have started out with commensal relationships with humans. In the case of the dog, DNA evidence indicates dogs associated themselves with people before humans switched from hunting-gathering to agriculture. Its believed the ancestors of dogs followed hunters to eat remains of carcasses. Over time, the relationship became mutualistic, where humans also benefited from the relationship, gaining defense from other predators and assistance tracking and killing prey. As the relationship changed, so did the characteristics of dogs. Reference:  Larson G (2012). Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109: 8878–83.

Muslim Women in Medieval Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Muslim Women in Medieval Spain - Essay Example wholly foreign race professing a strongly hostile religion took over the country, a totally alien language became the official tongue, a completely novel culture was imposed on the population. Entire sections of the peasantry and the urban à ©lite deserted their Catholic faith and embraced Islam. By the tenth century the territory called Al-Andalus was a country with a solid Muslim majority, and had become the single most powerful and civilized state in western Europe. The Moorish state was never so integrated or unified that it crushed out the cultures that had preceded it (Collins 43). None the less, Islamic culture itself became so imbedded in the Hispanic mentality that it ceased to be alien and became an ineffaceable and authentic part of peninsular history. In Medieval Spain women obtained an important role and had more rights and freedoms in contrast to Christian women and their position in society. In Medieval Spain, the subjected Christian population was usually treated with the limited religious tolerance customary to Islam. Occasional persecution was matched by outbreaks of religious zeal on the part of the conquered. Those who held fast to their faith were called Mozarabs, Christian in belief but Arabized in culture and language. Their numbers, however, shrank, and their faith itself became diluted with novel beliefs and heresies. Many were attracted by the higher quality of Islamic culture. The principal episcopal see, Toledo, once the Visigothic capital, found itself isolated as the sees of the Christian north freed themselves from its jurisdiction. Despite these drawbacks, Mozarabism remained a vitally important phenomenon (Carr 64). It represented a profound dialogue between Muslim and Christian civilization, and retained enough of an identity to prepare the way for an eventual re, conversion of the lands which the Muslims had made their own. Dillard (1993): â€Å"The settlement charters, drawn up by king or count to attract settlers who would defend

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate - Case Study Example Zillow has 2.3% market shares with 4 million visitors per month. It uses Web 2.0 business model of Google and Network Television. Zillow makes money by the way of selling eyeballs and not by selling homes to buyers. On July 18th, 2006, Zillow landed a big deal with Yahoo to serve as a data point on Yahoo's real estate and search sites.[www.crunchbase.com] Moreover, Legg Mason Capital Management has invested $30 Millions in Zillow.com towards expansion of staff of 155 employees which includes 20 person national advertising sales team. In addition to Legg Mason, other institutions that have invested in Zillow.com are put down in the following table. From the above table it is evident that the corporate companies at a huge level are continuously funded Zillow.com. Zillow has stated that it is a media company and generates revenue from online advertising; however, it also holds real estate brokerage licenses in certain states. With such huge amount of funding, zillow has launched new features like Neighbourhood's, Discussions, and Personalized Home Page to foster social network to catch up with Trulia. It is evident from the above data that most of the online realtors are established much before than Zillow. Founded in 1973, Zillow gives a stiff competition to Realtor.com, whereas others are marginal ahead or behind. Just within a span of year, Zillow has been ranked 669th website most visited by the US citizens. Whereas, RE/MAX which has been founded much before Zillow is lagging behind at 740th whereas Trulia which started in 2005 is ranked at 1,160. Zillow captures eyeballs through advertisements for its earnings, which has made it successful in just 18 months from its launching period, has got 4.4 million unique users in the country, by August 2007. [http://moneycentral.msn.com] Zillow competes with Trulia, HomeGain, HouseValues, PropertyShark.com, RealEstate.com, Redfin, and others. It can be said that Zillow is facing competition from Google too. Because Google has the best keyword search, while latter has home search. Google is looking to solve the problems of local search, vertical search and personalized search. Zillow is the answer to local search, vertical search and personalized search. Real estate agents, who are concerned that their role may be diminished as more people rely on Zillow, statethat the site does not give an accurate reflection and that other factors must be taken into consideration in buying or selling a home. Realtors with specific market knowledge are more likely to know specific factors affecting the sale of a home such as the overall condition of the home, domestic issues such as divorce, job transfer pressures. Consumers have continued to rapidly change their behavior in the last 5

World Civilizations Essay Example for Free

World Civilizations Essay Alexander the Great. What types of qualities come to mind when you hear that name? An idealistic king? A brutal ant agonizer? Whichever trait you choose to describe Alexander the Great, one thing is for sure: he is one of the most perplexing great figure in out time. Alexander III of Macedon, more commonly referred to as Alexander the Great, was born in Pella, in July 356 B.C.E. At the age of 20 he became the king of Macedonia when his father, Phillip II of Macedon, was assassinated in 336 B. C. Among inheriting a strong kingdom and experienced army from his father, he was also awarded the generalship of Greece. But what was really important to Alexander was pursuing his fathers dream; the invasion of the Persian Empire. In 334 B.C.E., outfitted with an army of 37,000 men, he invaded the Persian-ruled Asia Minor, thus beginning a series of campaigns lasting ten years. Although Alexanders first confrontation with the Persians almost cost him his life, he pulled out with a victory and by the following spring, the entire western half of the Asia Minor was in his control. By breaking down the power of Persia into a series of crucial battles such as the battles of Gaugamela and Issus, he then overthrew the Persian King Darius III and eventually conquered the rest of the Persian Empire. While founding the first of many cities, such as Alexandria, remaining Egypt’s and the Mediterranean world’s most important city, he was also named pharaoh of Egypt itself. With his army demanding to turn back while marching east to conquer India, Alexander reluctantly turns around, leads them across southern Persia, only to have thousands of men succumb to death from the heat and dehydration. After arriving in Babylon with his remaining troops, Alexander continued planning more campaigns but exhausted from his wounds, fever and possibly excessive alcohol consumption died in 323 B.C.E. Alexander was made legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles and is prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures. REFERENCES: â€Å"Alexander the Great† (356-323 B.C.), Wikipedia

A look a Pratical Magic :: essays research papers

Practical Magic was released October 16, 1998. The story is about two sisters who break a curse that had been placed on their family for over 200 years, by their ancestor Maria. Throughout the movie the theme is magic. Practical Magic helps to break the false images placed on witches and magic throughout time, but at times, the movie, still upholds some of the negative views of witches. There are many stereotypes that are set upon modern witchcraft and magic in today’s society that Hollywood has helped to maintain. In society there are people that are the selected voice of the general public in critiquing movies. I will be looking at Practical Magic’s use of magic to see how they break or perpetuate the following stereotypes: physical appearance of a witch, the witch as an outcast, and the types of magic and how they were shown throughout the movie. When looking at the main characters: Sally, Gillian, Jet and Frances, the viewer will see different physical appearances of how Hollywood views the possible appearance of a witch A witch throughout history is usually a hag, old, poor, handicapped, or ugly (Guiley 371). In the movie, the Owens women are what most people would consider quite beautiful. They are just like normal people with the exception of the fact that they have a gift. The aunts: Jet and Frances in the movie would be considered to follow the typical stereotype of a witch that is old but even though they are typical old woman that lives on the outskirts of town they break the stereotypical medieval image of a witch being ugly and a hag but they also perpetuate other stereotypes by dressing in lavish 19th century clothing. Their style screams â€Å"I’m different†. The aunts seem to be aging quite well. They appear to look young for their age. In one scene, when the detective goes in to town to ask about t he Owens’ sisters, he gets an ear full about how the aunts don’t age. Many in the town believe this is due to the fact that they are witches. There is one more image of a witch portrayed in history. This image is from the other end of the spectrum. Instead of being a hag or ugly, she is beautiful and a seductive woman. Sally destroys the image of both of the stereotypes of what a witch looks like.

Audit Program Design Part Iii

Inventory and Warehousing Cycle The audit of the inventory and warehousing cycle is designed to test inventory counts, processes, and operations. The classes of transactions in this cycle include sales, value of inventory, cost of goods sold, sales returns and allowances, and estimates of allowance for slow moving inventory. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of TransactionsTable WK6-1 displays the interrelationships of the transaction related to audit objectives, tests of controls, and substantive tests of transactions that should be approved during the audit process of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Table WK6-1. Inventory Warehousing Cycle Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Audit Design (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) Inventory – Apollo Shoes, Inc.Transaction-Related Audit Objectives – Tests of Controls – Substantive Tests of Transactions| Transaction-Related Audit Objective| Tests of Controls| Substantive Tests of Transactions| Inventory as r ecorded on tags exists (existence). | * Select a random sample of tag numbers and identify the tag with that number attached to the actual inventory. | * Observe whether movement of inventory takes place during the count. | Existing inventory is counted and tagged, and tags are accounted for to make sure none are missing (completeness). * Examine inventory to make sure it is tagged. | * Observe whether movement of inventory takes place during the count. * Inquire as to inventory in other locations. | Inventory is counted accurately (accuracy). | * Recount client’s counts to make sure the recorded counts are accurate on the tags (also check descriptions and unit of count, such as dozen or gross). * Compare physical counts with perpetual inventory master file. | * Record client’s counts for subsequent testing. Inventory is classified correctly on the tags (classification). |* Examine inventory descriptions on the tags and compare with the actual inventory for raw materia l, work-in-process, and finished goods. | * Evaluate whether the percent of completion recorded on the tags for work-in-process is reasonable. | Information is obtained to make sure sales and inventory purchases are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). | * Record in the audit files for subsequent follow-up the last receiving report number used at year-end. * Make sure the inventory for the above item was included in the physical count. | The client has rights to inventory recorded on tags (rights). | * Inquire about consignment or customer inventory included on client’s premises. | * Be alert for inventory that is set aside or specially marked as indications of non-ownership. | Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures can be performed several times during an engagement: * In the planning phase to assist in determining the nature, extent, and timing of work to be performed. During the testing phase of the audit in conjunction with the audit procedures, and * During the c ompletion phase of the audit as a final review for material misstatements for financial problems and to help the auditor take a final â€Å"objective look† at the financial statements that have been audited (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006, p. 208). Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) explain that one of the most important analytical procedures for uncovering misstatements of the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are comparing current with prior year.Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are presented in Table WK6-2. Table WK6-2. Inventory and Warehousing Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder & Beasley, 2006) Cash Cycle The following tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for the Cash Cycle discussed by Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) are designed to ensure existence, completeness, accuracy, classification, timing, and summarization.Table WK6-3 illustrates the design of test of c ontrols and substantive tests of Cash Cycle. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Cash – Apollo Shoes, Inc. Transaction-Related Audit Objectives – Tests of Controls – Substantive Tests of Transactions| Transaction-Related Audit Objective| Tests of Controls| Substantive Tests of Transactions| Cash in the bank as stated on the reconciliation exists (existence)| * Receipt and tests of a bank confirmation. | * Proof account exists and balances are accurate. Existing cash in the bank is recorded (completeness). | * Receipt and tests of a cutoff bank statement. | * Tests of the bank reconciliation| Cash in the bank as stated on the reconciliation is accurate (accuracy). | * Tests of the bank reconciliation. * Extended tests of the bank reconciliation. | * Tests for kiting. * Proof of cash. | Cash in the bank is properly presented and disclosed (presentation and disclosure). |* Examine minutes, loan agreements, and obtain confirmation for restriction s on the use of cash and compensating balances. * Review financial statements to make sure (a) material savings accounts and certificates of deposit are disclosed separately from cash in the bank,(b) cash restricted to certain uses and compensating balances are adequately disclosed, and (c) bank overdrafts are included as current liabilities. | Cash receipts and cash disbursements transactions are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). | * Cash receipts:Count the cash on hand on the last day of the year and subsequently trace to deposits in transit and the cash receipts journal. Cash disbursements:Record the last check number used on the last day of the year and subsequently trace to the outstanding checks and the cash disbursements journal| * Trace deposits in transit to subsequent period bank statement (cutoff bank statement). * Trace outstanding checks to subsequent period bank statement. | Table WK6-3. Cash Cycle Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Audit Des ign (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Cash Cycle are presented in Table WK6-4.Table WK6-4 Cash Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) References Arens, A. A. , Elder, R. J. , & Beasley, M. S. (2006). Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Louwers, T. J. , & Reynolds, J. K. (2007). Apollo shoes, inc. : An audit case to accompany auditing and assurance services. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,  ACC546 – Auditing website.

Essay on Americans Should be able to Protect Themselves...

If you have ever been in a life threatening situation with no way to defend yourself, being denied access to a firearm makes the situation worse. Many law abiding citizens that feel threatened are not able to obtain a firearm for protection. Innocent people are dying while criminals are getting away with gun related crimes. There can be many regulations and laws against guns, but if a person wants a gun they will find a way to get one. The thought of criminals having guns in their possession is a scary thought, but would you want to be the one who is unarmed? Research shows there is no direct correlation between gun control and lower crime rates; therefore, denying law abiding citizens access to weapons for protection is unfair†¦show more content†¦To coincide with prior restrictions of gun control the Brady Bill, which was passed in 1993, required all background checks on gun buyers (Schwartz). According to Schwartz, such states as California and New Jersey have been creating stricter laws. California had manufacturers stamp every gun with an individual code; therefore, if a specific gun was questioned in a crime, they would be able to trace it back to the owner. New Jersey, not taking as extreme measures as California, enforced penalties for illegal gun possession as well. Gun control infringes on the Second Amendment right of the American people. The Second Amendment reads, A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (Adams). In researching gun control, the government is not sure which way to enforce the law because they can not determine the fair interpretation of the amendment. Even though gun control is suppose to reduce fire arm related crimes, it only makes it harder for law abiding citizens, or officers of the law to attain guns. According to Hogberg there was a specific case of Heller vs. Washington D.C. that made a huge impact. Dick Heller was asked to defend the people of D.C. against the government to gain the rights to own a hand gun. The right of owning a hand gun in Washington D.C. was revoked in the early 1970s, but in 1976 an incident of a shooting changedShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control Laws924 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right of American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation of this (Hofstadter 10). They argue that the primary purpose of the amendment was to ensure that American Citizens had theRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control929 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control in the United States The debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right for American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation on this (Hofstadter 10). They argueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Violence1550 Words   |  7 PagesGun violence has run rampant in America. Due to this many Americans have this issue at the forefront of their minds. Everybody seems to think that they have the solution to this problem. The reality here is that the violence lies not in the gun, but in whomever carries out the act of using the gun in a violent manner. Many people fail to see this though, and think by removing guns completely from society the violence will cease. The people who take this side, are tired of innocent people being killedRead MoreMayra Pelayo. Erwc. Dec. 9 2016. Baker. Are States With958 Words   |  4 Pagesmore strict gun control really more safe? Now many people like to believe that if states have more gun control laws, the safer they would be in their homes and neighborhoods. Even though they strongly believe that more crimes such as murder will occur if there are guns in people s homes, the less gun control there is the safer people may actually be, because a civilian can protect themselves from an intruder in their home, and it is in the constitution as the second amendment. Now Gun control canRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Violence On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, over the past few decades, gun violence has increased massively, leading to over 10,000 gun-related incidents in 2015. The main cause of the massive amount of violence in the United States in recent decades is mainly because people who are in danger have no means to protect themselves. This is why guns should be more accessible for citizens, so that they can protect themselves in dangerous situations. Allowing citizens to conceal weapons would heavily decrease the amount ofRead MoreThe Bill of Rights Amendments984 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded in the Bill of Rights. The amendment allows Americans to make changes to the September 17, 1789 United States Constitution, that was ratified and made law (Zink 450).. The amendment process has made it possible for the constitution to change moderately, than being overhauled, and it has been changed to adhere to the cur rent times and changes. The Second Amendment to the US constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that guarantees all American citizens the right to keep and bear arms. This amendmentRead MoreAgainst Gun Control Of The United States1145 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II November 1, 2015 Against Gun Control Crime and guns, the two always seem to be acting together, however, these two elements are absolutely nothing alike. Do guns commit the horrific crimes? Do the laws placed on gun control keep the citizens of the United States safe? These are the questions many citizens and lawmakers are asking themselves when they try to launch laws on gun control. Although many people are for gun control, they do not realize that gun control violate the United StatesRead MoreConcealed Carry Handguns : The American People s Right And Choice1587 Words   |  7 PagesHandguns: The American People’s Right and Choice On December 15, 1791 the United States ratified the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights. This ratification to the constitution gave the American people the unalienable right to bear arms: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Acosta). In order for the country to remain free, the American people needed the right to protect themselves. This alsoRead MoreGuns Are Not Always Used For Evil Purposes851 Words   |  4 Pages Guns are not always used for evil purposes. It is who controls the gun that does the evil deeds. â€Å"The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good men with rifles† (Cooper, n.d.) How would you f eel if your government came in and confiscated your guns? As AmericansRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is a story on the news about gun violence and the discussion comes up about gun control. What is gun control? As defined by Marriam-Webster, gun control is the â€Å"regulation of the selling, owning, and use of guns,† (Marriam, 2017). When is there too much control? How does it affect the law-abiding citizen? These are questions that need to be taken into consideration while taking a position, as gun control effects everyone in the United States of America. Gun control needs to cease due to the